新型含能材料──CL－20

综述了ＣＬ－２０结构特征，合成方法及热分解性能，并对其作为固体推进剂氧化剂的能量特性进行了计算分析。结果显示ＣＬ－２０具有能量密度高，感度适中等特点，同时具有较好热稳定性和不同于ＨＭＸ的热分解特性，是一种有潜力的高能量密度材料。     

聚集状态下凝相颗粒的收集与测量

发展了一种可以收集燃烧室中聚集状态颗粒的方法，研制了收集实验装置。数值计算表明，通过改变实验装置的收敛角和实验状态参数可以模拟真实发动机中的颗粒聚集状态。利用该实验装置开展了聚集颗粒收集实验，实验工况模拟了某高过载发动饥在横纵向过载均为40g时的颗粒聚集状态。对实验收集到的颗粒进行了电镜分析，发现大颗粒是由多个小颗粒聚合而成，说明聚集状态下颗粒间碰撞聚合的概率大大增加。对粒径分布进行了半定量的统计，与非聚集状态下的发动机燃烧室中的粒径分布作了比较，证明聚集状态下粒径要比非聚集状态下的大得多。     

Self-consistent amplitude profile of ducted VLF transmitter signal due to resonant interaction with energetic electrons in the magnetosphere

Of the various sources of whistler waves in the magnetosphere, the signals from terrestrial VLF transmitters are apparently the simplest for theoretical analysis. The role of these signals in the acceleration and pitch-angle scattering of energetic electrons in the Earth’s radiation belts has not been fully studied quantitatively, despite many decades of relevant research. The main problem in studying this issue is that to calculate the acceleration and pitch-angle scattering of particles, it is necessary to know the spatial profile of the signal amplitude. This is especially critical for phase-trapped particles, for which the energy exchange with the wave is the most significant. At the same time, the wave amplitude profile itself is determined by the interaction of the wave with resonant particles. Thus, we are dealing with a self-consistent problem, which is described by a nonlinear system of equations - a kinetic equation for the distribution function of resonant particles with a self-consistent field, and an equation for the wave field, in which the nonlinear and non-local growth rate is determined by the distribution function of resonant particles. In this paper, we develop an approach to solving this system of equations and the corresponding physical problem using the method of successive approximations.     

中心分级燃烧室头部冷态流场特性实验研究

为了深入研究中心分级燃烧室的流场特性,采用PIV方法对其头部冷态流场开展了实验研究,重点分析了中心分级燃烧室头部流场的结构特征以及主燃级旋流数对头部流场的影响。实验结果表明：中心分级燃烧室头部典型流场结构形成一个较大的中心主回流区、较小的端部回流区及角回流区,主、预燃级气流的相互耦合过程分为独立射流、气流掺混和气流合并三个阶段。主燃级旋流数对头部流场结构影响较大,随主燃级旋流数增大,主、预燃级气流耦合作用减弱,回流区分布形态发生较大变化,新的流场结构特征为中心主回流区范围明显收缩,端部回流区向下游延伸,在主、预燃级之间剪切层形成较长回流区。针对该中心分级燃烧室头部,主、预燃级气流由耦合流动变为解耦流动的临界主燃级旋流数为0.8~1.0。     

一种基于粒子群优化的卫星仅测频被动定轨新算法

提出一种新的卫星对卫星仅测频被动定轨算法,采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)解决多维全局优化问题。首先,建立了卫星对卫星仅测频被动定轨的数学模型;其次,基于粒子群优化算法提出了对目标卫星轨道根数的估计方法;再次,推导了参数估计误差的克拉-美劳(CRLB)下限。最后通过计算机仿真对算法的性能进行了验证。多次仿真结果表明:该算法的参数估计误差接近克拉-美劳下限,且算法的运算量明显优于网格搜索法。     

高能氧化剂二硝酰胺铵研究进展

介绍了高能氧化荆二硝酰胺铵（ADN）的特性和应用前景，以及国内外在ADN合成方法、热稳定性、成球造粒、防吸湿性、燃烧性能与应用研究方面所取得的进展。有关资料表明，各国的研究都还处在合成及性能改善阶段，尤其在防吸湿方面尚未取得突破，因而作为一种性能优越的固体推进荆氧化荆，ADN还没有在型号中得到普遍应用。     

三维喷流流场中固体颗粒效应的粒子仿真方法研究

采用粒子仿真跟踪颗粒相运动轨迹，采用高效ENO格式求解NS方程，数值模拟了有攻角条件下含颗粒相的横向喷流与超音速物体绕流形成的干扰流场。结果表明上述方法是研究气－相两相流动的有效途径，颗粒相存在对喷流流场结构及物体所受的气动力和气动热具有一定影响。     

Input Parameters for Models of Energetic Electrons Fluxes at the Geostationary Orbit

The results of cross-correlation analysis between electrons fluxes (with energies of > 0.6MeV, > 2.0 MeV and > 4.0MeV), geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters are shown in the paper. It is determined that the electron fluxes are controlled not only by the geomagnetic indices, but also by the solar wind parameters, and the solar wind velocity demonstrates the best relation with the electron fluxes. Numerical value of the relation efficiency of external parameters with the highly energetic electrons fluxes shows a periodicity. It is presented here the preliminary results of daily averaged electrons fluxes forecast for a day ahead on the basis of the model of neuron networks.     

Time-optimal trajectory planning for underactuated spacecraft using a hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm

A hybrid algorithm combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the Legendre pseudospectral method (LPM) is proposed for solving time-optimal trajectory planning problem of underactuated spacecrafts. At the beginning phase of the searching process, an initialization generator is constructed by the PSO algorithm due to its strong global searching ability and robustness to random initial values, however, PSO algorithm has a disadvantage that its convergence rate around the global optimum is slow. Then, when the change in fitness function is smaller than a predefined value, the searching algorithm is switched to the LPM to accelerate the searching process. Thus, with the obtained solutions by the PSO algorithm as a set of proper initial guesses, the hybrid algorithm can find a global optimum more quickly and accurately. 200 Monte Carlo simulations results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid PSO–LPM algorithm has greater advantages in terms of global searching capability and convergence rate than both single PSO algorithm and LPM algorithm. Moreover, the PSO–LPM algorithm is also robust to random initial values.     

Manned exploration and exploitation of solar system: Passive and active shielding for protecting astronauts from ionizing radiation—A short overview

In deep space manned missions for the exploration and exploitation of celestial bodies of Solar System astronauts are not shielded by the terrestrial magnetic field and must be protected against the action of Solar Cosmic Rays (SCRs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). SCRs are sporadically emitted, and in very rare but possible events, their fluence can be so high to be lethal to a unprotected crew. Their relatively low energy allows us to conceive fully passive shields, also if active systems can somewhat reduce the needed mass penalty. GCRs continuously flow without intensity peaks, and are dangerous to the health and operability of the crew in long duration (>1year) missions. Their very high energy excludes the possible use of passive systems, so that recourse must be made to electromagnetic fields for preventing ionizing particles to reach the habitat where astronauts spend most of their living and working time. A short overview is presented of the many ideas developed in last decades of last century; ideas are mainly based on very intense electrostatic shields, flowing plasma bubbles, or enormous superconducting coil systems for producing high magnetic fields. In the first decade of this century the problem began to be afforded in more realistic scenarios, taking into account the present and foreseeable possibilities of launchers (payload mass, diameter and length of the shroud of the rocket, etc.) and of assembling and/or inflating structures in space. Driving parameters are the volume of the habitat to be protected and the level of mitigation of the radiation dose to be guaranteed to the crew. Superconducting magnet systems based on multi-solenoid complexes or on one huge magnetic torus surrounding the habitat are being evaluated for defining the needed parameters: masses, mechanical structures for supporting the huge magnetic forces, needed equipments and safety systems. Technological tests are in preparation or planned for improving density of the current, lightness and stability, to increase working temperature of superconducting cables, and for finding light supporting structures and suitable safety architectures, delineating a possible development program for affording this difficult problem.