红外窗口材料的热辐射特性测量方法

飞行器在大气层内高超声速飞行时,高温窗口迅速成为气动热辐射效应的主要因素,气动热辐射效应会降低甚至破坏红外(IR)探测系统的性能.通过分析红外探测窗口热辐射传输特性,提出一种红外窗口材料的热辐射特性测量方法,并测量了应用于中波红外(MWIR)探测系统的某蓝宝石红外窗口材料在高温状态下的透过率和自身辐射等热辐射数据.结果表明:在100~350℃范围内,0.1mm厚蓝宝石材料薄层在中波红外3.7~4.8μm波段的热辐射特性与温度近似呈3次方关系,温度越高,蓝宝石透过率越小,自身辐射越大.强烈的自身辐射极易导致红外探测器局部饱和现象,对探测系统造成的影响比透过率引起的信噪比(SNR)下降要大得多.      

航空电子设备NSEE试验评价方法

本文定义了航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应(NSEE)硬失效、硬错误与软错误等大气中子辐射可靠性表征参数,提出了一套航空电子设备抗大气中子单粒子效应危害能力的试验评价方法,包括试验应力终止条件与起始条件的确定方法、M_NSEE预估方法、试验程序、试验评价方法等,并通过某航空用卫星导航接收机试验案例证明了该方法在工程应用中的可操作性与有效性,通过掌握数字信号处理(DSP)、静态随机存储器(SRAM)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的NSEE敏感特性,可为航空用卫星导航接收机NSEE危害防控提供针对性的技术支持.本文为我国航空电子产品大气中子单粒子效应试验评价奠定了理论与应用基础,同时也为其他电子信息产品在大气中子单粒子效应试验评价方面提供了重要依据和参考.      

航天员受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量计算

在近地空间(LEO)和深空探测中,航天员遭受的辐射风险主要来自于银河宇宙线(GCR)照射.银河宇宙线的辐射剂量是航天员辐射风险评价的基础.国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)于2013年提出了新的航天员空间辐射剂量估算方法,以更准确给出空间重离子辐射的剂量.基于此方法,开发了宇宙线粒子在物质中输运的蒙特卡罗程序,并在程序中实现用中国成年男性人体数字模型来仿真航天员.采用该程序计算了粒子(Z=1~92)各向同性照射航天员时器官的通量-器官剂量转换因数,并估算出航天员在近地轨道空间受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量.     

反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题

获得航天器在轨飞行过程中的外热流数据对于研究热控涂层在轨退化规律、各种空间因素对热控产品的影响以及航天器姿轨控发动机羽流热效应都有非常重要的意义,然而直接测量热流存在很多困难,因此可以通过求解导热反问题得到满足一定精度的结果.首先,通过研究利用航天器设备在轨遥测温度值反演出航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题方法,建立了反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的数学模型,采用共轭梯度法求解导热反问题并从物理概念角度改进了共轭梯度法的迭代过程以增加其抗不适定性;然后构造了两组能够代表目前大多数地球轨道航天器以及深空探测航天器在轨吸收外热流变化的数值试验对共轭梯度法的反演效果进行了检验.除阶跃变化位置以外反演值与真实值的最大相对偏差为2.9%,反演效果非常好;对于阶跃变化位置的吸收外热流在对反演结果进行分析处理后也能够得到较好的反演结果.      

Heliotropic dust rings for Earth climate engineering

This paper examines the concept of a Sun-pointing elliptical Earth ring comprised of dust grains to offset global warming. A new family of non-Keplerian periodic orbits, under the effects of solar radiation pressure and the Earth’s J₂ oblateness perturbation, is used to increase the lifetime of the passive cloud of particles and, thus, increase the efficiency of this geoengineering strategy. An analytical model is used to predict the orbit evolution of the dust ring due to solar-radiation pressure and the J₂ effect. The attenuation of the solar radiation can then be calculated from the ring model. In comparison to circular orbits, eccentric orbits yield a more stable environment for small grain sizes and therefore achieve higher efficiencies when the orbit decay of the material is considered. Moreover, the novel orbital dynamics experienced by high area-to-mass ratio objects, influenced by solar radiation pressure and the J₂ effect, ensure the ring will maintain a permanent heliotropic shape, with dust spending the largest portion of time on the Sun facing side of the orbit. It is envisaged that small dust grains can be released from a circular generator orbit with an initial impulse to enter an eccentric orbit with Sun-facing apogee. Finally, a lowest estimate of 1 × 10¹² kg of material is computed as the total mass required to offset the effects of global warming.     

X-ray induced alterations in the differentiation and mineralization potential of murine preosteoblastic cells

To evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on murine preosteoblastic cell differentiation, we directed OCT-1 cells to the osteoblastic lineage by treatment with a combination of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP), ascorbic acid (AA), and dexamethasone (Dex). In vitro mineralization was evaluated based on histochemical staining and quantification of the hydroxyapatite content of the extracellular bone matrix. Expression of mRNA encoding Runx2, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), osteocalcin (OCN), and p21^CDKN1A was analyzed. Exposure to IR reduced the growth rate and diminished cell survival of OCT-1 cells under standard conditions. Notably, calcium content analysis revealed that deposition of mineralized matrix increased significantly under osteogenic conditions after X-ray exposure in a time-dependent manner. In this study, higher radiation doses exert significant overall effects on TGF-β1, OCN, and p21^CDKN1A gene expression, suggesting that gene expression following X-ray treatment is affected in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we verified that Runx2 was suppressed within 24 h after irradiation at 2 and 4 Gy. Although further studies are required to verify the molecular mechanism, our observations strongly suggest that treatment with IR markedly alters the differentiation and mineralization process of preosteoblastic cells.     

Relativistic electron fluxes and dose rate variations during April–May 2010 geomagnetic disturbances in the R3DR data on ISS

Space radiation has been monitored successfully using the Radiation Risks Radiometer-Dosimeter (R3D) installed at the ESA EXPOSE-R (R3DR) facility outside of the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station (ISS) between March 2009 and January 2011. R3DR is a Liulin type spectrometer–dosimeter with a single Si PIN detector 2 cm² of area and 0.3 mm thick. The R3DR instrument accumulated about 2 million measurements of the absorbed dose rate and flux of 10 s resolution. The total external and internal shielding before the detector of R3DR device is 0.41 g cm⁻². The calculated stopping energy of normally incident particles to the detector is 0.78 MeV for electrons and 15.8 MeV for protons. After the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) at 09:54 UTC on 3 April 2010, a shock was observed at the ACE spacecraft at 0756 UTC on 5 April, which led to a sudden impulse on Earth at 08:26 UTC. Nevertheless, while the magnetic substorms on 5 and 6 of April were moderate; the second largest in history of GOES fluence of electrons with energy >2 MeV was measured. The R3DR data show a relatively small amount of relativistic electrons on 5 April. The maximum dose rate of 2323 μGy day⁻¹ was reached on 7 April; by 9 April, a dose of 6600 μGy was accumulated. By the end of the period on 7 May 2010 a total dose of 11,587 μGy was absorbed. Our data were compared with AE-8 MIN, CRESS and ESA-SEE1 models using SPENVIS and with similar observations on American, Japanese and Russian satellites.     

A nonlinear background removal method for seismo-ionospheric anomaly analysis under a complex solar activity scenario: A case study of the M9.0 Tohoku earthquake

A precise determination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomaly variations that are likely associated with large earthquakes as observed by global positioning system (GPS) requires the elimination of the ionospheric effect from irregular solar electromagnetic radiation. In particular, revealing the seismo-ionospheric anomalies when earthquakes occurred during periods of high solar activity is of utmost importance. To overcome this constraint, a multiresolution time series processing technique based on wavelet transform applicable to global ionosphere map (GIM) TEC data was used to remove the nonlinear effect from solar radiation for the earthquake that struck Tohoku, Japan, on 11 March, 2011. As a result, it was found that the extracted TEC have a good correlation with the measured solar extreme ultraviolet flux in 26–34 nm (EUV_26–34) and the 10.7 cm solar radio flux (F_10.7). After removing the influence of solar radiation origin in GIM TEC, the analysis results show that the TEC around the forthcoming epicenter and its conjugate were significantly enhanced in the afternoon period of 8 March 2011, 3 days before the earthquake. The spatial distributions of the TEC anomalous and extreme enhancements indicate that the earthquake preparation process had brought with a TEC anomaly area of size approximately 1650 and 5700 km in the latitudinal and longitudinal directions, respectively.     

Soybean cultivar selection for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) – Hydroponic cultivation

Four soybean cultivars (‘Atlantic’, ‘Cresir’, ‘Pr91m10’ and ‘Regir’), selected through a theoretical procedure as suitable for cultivation in BLSS, were evaluated in terms of growth and production. Germination percentage and Mean Germination Time (MGT) were measured. Plants were cultivated in a growth chamber equipped with a recirculating hydroponic system (Nutrient Film Technique). Cultivation was performed under controlled environmental conditions (12 h photoperiod, light intensity 350 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, temperature regime 26/20 °C light/dark, relative humidity 65–75%). Fertigation was performed with a standard Hoagland solution, modified for soybean specific requirements, and EC and pH were kept at 2.0 dS m⁻¹ and 5.5 respectively.     

组合光学太阳反射镜的热辐射性能测量

用量热计法测量了通信广播卫星上用的光学太阳反射镜（ＯＳＲ）的太阳吸收比αｓ和半球发射率εＨ。为了准确计算卫星的温度分布,测量的是组合ＯＳＲ样品的热辐射性能。作为对比,同时还用量热计法和光谱法测量了单片ＯＳＲ的太阳吸收比,并且对各个测量结果及其差异进行了分析。分析表明,不应当将单片ＯＳＲ的法向太阳吸收比αｓ作为设计参数,否则将在温度计算中引起较大误差。