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91.
The energy state of a planet depends fundamentally on its radiation budget. Measurements made from space over past decades
have led to significant revisions of ground-based estimates, both of the reflected fraction (the Bond albedo) of solar radiative
flux and of the emitted thermal infrared radiation flux, for the Earth as well as for the other planets. After a brief survey
of methods and difficulties in accurately determining planetary radiation budgets, we note contradictions in existing tabulations
of global parameters, in particular Bond albedo. For the Earth, such contradictions are unjustified, considering that global
and annual means as well as the seasonal cycle of Earth Radiation Budget components have now been determined with high accuracy.
The Earth's Bond albedo is close to 0.3. Net storage of energy in the Earth-ocean system is close to zero, with a well-established
annual cycle of amplitude close to ±12 Wm−2. Some contradictions remain for the other terrestrial planets. For the giant planets, modern reduced values of the Bond albedo
imply reduced but still significant internal energy generation. 相似文献
92.
93.
在中轨卫星移动通信系统中 ,确定小区驻留时间分布对于合理地规划切换策略具有十分重要的意义。文中指出了地球固定覆盖与卫星固定覆盖两种方式下小区驻留时间分布不同的原因。提出一种仿真计算卫星固定覆盖方式下小区驻留时间分布的方法 ,得出了数值结果 ,并与地球固定覆盖方式下的小区驻留时间分布作了比较 相似文献
94.
本文讨论了地球扁率引起红外地平仪的姿态量测误差的数学模型,导出解析形式姿态误差计算公式,可在任意轨道根数和扫描轴安装角情况下用于误差补偿。算例表明,利用本文导出的解析公式与利用数值方法的计算结果完全一致。 相似文献
95.
S. Kameda M. Kagitani S. Okano I. Yoshikawa J. Ono 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(9):1381-1385
We observed sodium emission from Mercury’s atmosphere using a Fabry–Perot Interferometer at Haleakala Observatory on June 14, 2006. The Fabry–Perot Interferometer was used as a wavelength-tunable filter. The spectra of the surface reflection were subtracted from the observed spectra because sodium emission is contaminated by the surface reflection of Mercury. The image obtained in our observation shows the sodium exosphere extended to the anti-solar direction. The lifetime of a sodium atom was estimated to be 1.6 × 104 to 1.9 × 105 s with an error by a factor of 3–4. 相似文献
96.
Human beings are now facing global and regional sustainable development challenges.In China, Earth observation data play a fundamental role in Earth system science research. The support given by Earth observation data is required by many studies, including those on Earth's limited natural resources, the rapid development of economic and social needs, global change, extreme events, food security, water resources, sustainable economic and urban development, and emergency response. Application operation systems in many ministries and departments in China have entered a stage of sustainable development, and the State Key Project of High-Resolution Earth Observation Systems has been progressing since 2006. Earth observation technology in China has entered a period of rapid development. 相似文献
97.
A. Borgazzi A. Lara G. Paz J.P. Raulin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
In order to detect and study the ionospheric response to solar flares (transient high energy solar radiation), we have constructed a radio receiver station at Mexico City, which is part of the “Latin American Very low frequency Network” (LAVNet-Mex). This station extends to the northern hemisphere the so called “South American VLF Network”. 相似文献
98.
Lin Cheng Zhenbo Wang Fanghua Jiang Junfeng Li 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(3):1114-1123
In this study, an adaptive neural network control approach is proposed to achieve accurate and robust control of nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics, wherein the neural network is innovatively used to learn the inverse problem of system dynamics with guaranteed convergence. This study focuses on the following three contributions. First, the considered system is transformed into a multi-integrator system using an input–output linearization technique, and an extended state observation technique is used to identify the transformed states. Second, an iterative control learning algorithm is proposed to achieve the neural network training, and stability analysis is given to prove that the network’s predictions converge to ideal control inputs with guaranteed convergence. Third, an adaptive neural network controller is developed by combining the trained network and a proportional-integral controller, and the long-standing challenge of model-based methods for control determination of unknown dynamics is resolved. Simulation results of a virtual control mission and an aerospace altitude tracking mission are provided to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques and illustrate the adaptability and robustness of the proposed controller. 相似文献
99.
Víctor Puente 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(8):2359-2367
Tropospheric delay is one of the major sources of error in VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) analysis. The principal component of this error can be accurately computed through reliable surface pressure data —hydrostatic delay— yet there is also a small but volatile component —wet delay— which is difficult to be modelled a priori. In VLBI analysis, troposphere delay is typically modelled in the theoretical delays using Zenith Hydrostatic Delays (ZHD) and a dry mapping function. Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) is not modelled but estimated in the analysis process. This work studies inter alia the impact of including external GNSS estimates to model a priori ZWD in VLBI analysis, as well as other models of a priori ZWD.In a first stage, two different sources of GNSS troposphere products are compared to VLBI troposphere estimates in a period of 5 years. The solution with the best agreement to VLBI results is injected in the VLBI analysis as a priori ZWD value and is compared to other options to model a priori ZWD. The dataset used for this empirical analysis consists of the six CONT campaigns.It has been found that modelling a priori ZWD has no significant impact either on baseline length and coordinates repeatabilities. Nevertheless, modelling a priori ZWD can change the magnitude of the estimated coordinates a few millimeters in the up component with respect to the non-modelling approach. In addition, the influence of a priori ZWD on Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) and troposphere estimates —Zenith Total Delays (ZTD) and gradients—has also been analysed, resulting in a small but significant impact on both geodetic products. 相似文献
100.
Alankrita Isha Mrigakshi Daniel Matthiä Thomas Berger Günther Reitz Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The evidently low solar activity observed between solar cycles 23 and 24 during the years 2008–2010 led to a substantial increase in the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity in comparison with preceding solar minima. As the GCRs consist of highly-ionizing charged particles having the potential to cause biological damage, they are a subject of concern for manned missions to space. With the enhanced particle fluxes observed between 2008 and 2010, it is reasonable to assume that the radiation exposure from GCR must have also increased to unusually high levels. In this paper, the GCR exposure outside and inside the Earth’s magnetosphere is numerically calculated for time periods starting from 1970 to the end of 2011 in order to investigate the increase in dose levels during the years 2008–2010 in comparison with the last three solar minima. The dose rates were calculated in a water sphere, used as a surrogate for the human body, either unshielded or surrounded by aluminium shielding of 0.3, 10 or 40 g/cm2. 相似文献