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781.
We present the latest observations from spacecraft and ground-based instruments in search for lightning activity in the atmospheres of planets in the solar system, and put them in context of previous research. Since the comprehensive book on planetary atmospheric electricity compiled by Leblanc et al. (2008), advances in remote sensing technology and telescopic optics enable detection of additional and new electromagnetic and optical emissions, respectively. Orbiting spacecraft such as Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini yield new results, and we highlight the giant storm on Saturn of 2010/2011 that was probably the single most powerful thunderstorm ever observed in the solar system. We also describe theoretical models, laboratory spark experiments simulating conditions in planetary mixtures and map open issues.  相似文献   
782.
An analysis is performed on four typical materials (aluminum, liquid hydrogen, polyethylene, and water) to assess their impact on the length of time an astronaut can stay in deep space and not exceed a design basis radiation exposure of 150 mSv. A large number of heavy lift launches of pure shielding mass are needed to enable long duration, deep space missions to keep astronauts at or below the exposure value with shielding provided by the vehicle. Therefore, vehicle mass using the assumptions in the paper cannot be the sole shielding mechanism for long duration, deep space missions. As an example, to enable the Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0 with a 400 day transit to and from Mars, not including the 500 day stay on the surface, a minimum of 24 heavy lift launches of polyethylene at 89,375 lbm (40.54 tonnes) each are needed for the 1977 galactic cosmic ray environment. With the assumptions used in this paper, a single heavy lift launch of water or polyethylene can protect astronauts for a 130 day mission before exceeding the exposure value. Liquid hydrogen can only protect the astronauts for 160 days. Even a single launch of pure shielding material cannot protect an astronaut in deep space for more than 180 days using the assumptions adopted in the analysis. It is shown that liquid hydrogen is not the best shielding material for the same mass as polyethylene for missions that last longer than 225 days.  相似文献   
783.
The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on organisms is related to different research aims. The current review emphasizes the studies on the effects of different doses of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on living organisms, with the final purpose of highlighting specific and common effects of space radiation in mammals and plants. This topic is extremely relevant in the context of radiation protection from space environment. The response of different organisms to ionizing radiation depends on the radiation quality/dose and/or the intrinsic characteristics of the living system. Macromolecules, in particular DNA, are the critical targets of radiation, even if there is a strong difference between damages encountered by plant and mammalian cells. The differences in structure and metabolism between the two cell types are responsible for the higher resistance of the plant cell compared with its animal counterpart.  相似文献   
784.
《Acta Astronautica》2014,93(2):476-486
A deterministic (non-statistical) two dimensional (2D) computational model describing the transport of electron and photon typical of space radiation environment in various shield media is described. The 2D formalism is casted into a code which is an extension of a previously developed one dimensional (1D) deterministic electron and photon transport code. The goal of both 1D and 2D codes is to satisfy engineering design applications (i.e. rapid analysis) while maintaining an accurate physics based representation of electron and photon transport in space environment. Both 1D and 2D transport codes have utilized established theoretical representations to describe the relevant collisional and radiative interactions and transport processes. In the 2D version, the shield material specifications are made more general as having the pertinent cross sections. In the 2D model, the specification of the computational field is in terms of a distance of traverse z along an axial direction as well as a variable distribution of deflection (i.e. polar) angles θ where −π/2<θ<π/2, and corresponding symmetry is assumed for the range of azimuth angles (0<φ<2π). In the transport formalism, a combined mean-free-path and average trajectory approach is used. For candidate shielding materials, using the trapped electron radiation environments at low Earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and Jupiter moon Europa, verification of the 2D formalism vs. 1D and an existing Monte Carlo code are presented.  相似文献   
785.
固体火箭羽流红外特性的DOM法模拟及高度影响研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为研究固体火箭羽流的红外特性,建立了贴体坐标系下,考虑气相和Al2O3凝相温度不相等及Al2O3粒子直径变化情况下,计算固体火箭羽流红外特性的方法——离散坐标法(DOM)。计算了光谱2~5μ范围内,某固体火箭发动机在地面及不同飞行高度下羽流的红外特性,研究了飞行高度对羽流红外特性的影响。研究表明:在固体火箭羽流的红外辐射中,粒子辐射起着主导性的作用,粒子辐射在不同的波带对固体火箭羽流辐射的影响有所不同;在高度30~60km范围内,固体火箭羽流在光谱2~5μm沿表面外法线方向的辐射强度随飞行高度的上升而增强。  相似文献   
786.
Remote sensing of aerosol and radiation from geostationary satellites   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The paper presents a high-level overview of current and future remote sensing of aerosol and shortwave radiation budget carried out at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from the US Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series. The retrievals from the current GOES imagers are based on physical principles. Aerosol and radiation are estimated in separate processing from the comparison of satellite-observed reflectances derived from a single visible channel with those calculated from detailed radiative transfer. The radiative transfer calculation accounts for multiple scattering by molecules, aerosol and cloud and absorption by the major atmospheric gases. The retrievals are performed operationally every 30 min for aerosol and every hour for radiation for pixel sizes of 4-km (aerosol) and 15- to 50-km (radiation). Both retrievals estimate the surface reflectance as a byproduct from the time composite of clear visible reflectances assuming fixed values of the aerosol optical depth. With the launch of GOES-R NOAA will begin a new era of geostationary remote sensing. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard GOES-R will offer capabilities for aerosol remote sensing similar to those currently provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flown on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites. The ABI aerosol algorithm currently under development uses a multi-channel approach to estimate the aerosol optical depth and aerosol model simultaneously, both over water and land. Its design is strongly inspired by the MODIS aerosol algorithm. The ABI shortwave radiation budget algorithm is based on the successful GOES Surface and Insolation Product system of NOAA and the NASA Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Surface and Atmospheric Radiation Budget (SARB) algorithm. In all phases of the development, the algorithms are tested with proxy data generated from existing satellite observations and forward simulations. Final assessment of the performance will be made after the launch of GOES-R scheduled in 2012.  相似文献   
787.
The divergence of horizontal radiation in vegetation canopies is generally considered to be of negligible consequence in algorithms designed for the physically-based interpretation of space borne observations. However, non-zero horizontal radiation balances are likely to occur if the internal variability of a vegetation target and the typical distances that photons may travel horizontally within such three-dimensional (3-D) media extend to spatial scales that are similar to or larger than those of the nominal footprint of the measuring sensor. Detailed radiative transfer simulations in 3-D coniferous forest environments are presented to document the typical distances that photons may travel in such media, and to quantify the impact that the resulting net horizontal fluxes may have with respect to the local and domain-averaged canopy reflectance. Based on these simulations it is possible to identify a fine spatial resolution limit beyond which pixel-based interpretations of remote sensing data over tall forested areas should be avoided because the horizontal radiation transport at the surface may contribute to 10% or more of the measured reflectance signature of the target pixel.  相似文献   
788.
利用多通道光学分析仪测量激波波后不同时刻高温氮气的辐射光谱发现,辐射随时间发生强烈的变化。在非平衡态和平衡态,光谱的各条谱线强度有明显的差别。光谱的结构特征也依赖于激波的速度。  相似文献   
789.
李铁映  杨慧  王海红 《宇航学报》2015,36(6):731-738
为分析某导航卫星(为表述方便,下文称为B导航卫星或B卫星)的表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响,本文首先参考GPS光压建模方法,结合B卫星的结构、控制及轨道特点,构建了一种适合B卫星的分析型光压模型。在该光压模型的约束下,分析表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响。最后利用建立的光压模型进行轨道预报,与精密星历等实际数据比较,验证了模型并分析了表面光学特性参数对轨道预报的影响。  相似文献   
790.
迄今为止飞得最快的航天器、人类发射的第一个冥王星探测器——"新视野号",经过约9年的行星际旅行,于2015年1月15日抵达距地球约47亿千米的冥王星附近,开始探测冥王星、冥卫、以及它们所处的柯伊柏带其他天体。柯伊柏带是1992年才发现的太阳系新大陆,虽然冥王星已被重新定义为矮行星,却从一颗颇具争议的行星成为数千颗冰冻小天体的"领头羊"。本文介绍了"新视野号"的科学目标和有效载荷,分析了"新视野号"采用的探测器长期休眠、木星借力、太空核能等关键技术,探讨了冥王星和柯伊柏带探测的意义。作为太阳系的冷库,柯伊伯带天体保留着太阳系形成时的原始状态,对它的探测,有助于揭示太阳系行星形成时的关键环节。"新视野号"也可能发现新的太阳系行星,其成果将有助于我们更深入地认识太阳系。  相似文献   
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