塞锥后体气膜冷却对轴对称塞式喷管红外辐射和气动性能的影响

运用数值模拟方法,在主流质量流量为130 kg/s、总温为920 K和冷却空气总温为480 K的参数条件下,对比分析了塞锥后体气膜孔排布方式、气膜孔倾角(15°~30°)和气膜冷却空气用量(3%主流质量流量以内)对轴对称塞式喷管红外辐射和气动性能的影响。研究结果表明:塞锥后体的气膜冷却对喷管推力系数的影响十分微弱;对塞锥后体提供1%主流质量流量的冷却空气,喷管红外辐射强度相对无冷却喷管降低50%左右;当冷却空气用量增大至3%时,喷管红外辐射强度下降约60%,总压恢复系数降低较为显著;在相同的冷却空气用量下,小孔排间距的多孔排布方式与大孔排间距相比,具有近乎相同的红外辐射抑制效果和低的总压恢复系数下降幅度;气膜孔倾角从30°减小至15°,对塞锥后体表面温度的降低以及喷管总压恢复系数的改善效果微弱。     

一体化红外抑制器后机身狭缝进口布置对气流组织和红外辐射特性的影响

针对一体化红外抑制器后机身顶部狭缝进气口布局的精细化设计需求,提出了改变进气狭缝位置以及面积的4个方案,基于旋翼下洗气流和尾桨气流的简化模型进行了后机身内外流耦合流动传热数值研究,并运用正反射线追踪法计算得到了后机身3~5 μm波段和8~14 μm波段的红外辐射强度空间分布,通过对比分析了狭缝进气口布局对一体化红外抑制器后机身气流组织和红外辐射特性的影响。结果表明：旋翼下洗气流对于机身两侧排出的热喷流掺混作用有所差异,存在尾桨气流时排气热喷流对喷口附近机身壁面的局部加热效应更显著;后机身顶部进气位置影响旋翼下洗气流的进气流量以及机身内部气流流动,进气口布置在后机身顶部外侧不利于旋翼下洗气流的导入,而进气口布置在后机身顶部内侧则导致旋翼下洗气流在混合管与机身壁面之间的局部流动较弱,使得该区域的气流温度较高;进气口面积增大虽有利于减小表面局部热点区域,却导致后机身上方的红外辐射强度有较大的增强。因此,进气口的位置和面积是重要的设计参数,合理的后机身内部气流组织可以提供有效的混合管冷却和后机身壁面热防护,改善3~5 μm波段和8~14 μm波段的红外辐射强度空间分布。     

An updated model of atomic oxygen redline dayglow emission

A comprehensive model is developed using the updated rate coefficients and transition probabilities to study the redline dayglow emission of atomic oxygen. The solar EUV fluxes are obtained from the Solar Irradiance Platform (SIP), and incorporated into the model successfully. All possible production and loss mechanisms of O(¹D) are considered in the model. The neutral number densities and temperature are adopted from the NRLMSISE-00 model. The ion and electron densities, and electron temperature are adopted from the IRI-07 model. The model results are validated with the help of measurements as provided by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on board Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The present results are found in better agreement with the measurements in comparison with the earlier model. The measured volume emission rate profiles are reproduced quite well by the present model. The model results show that the updated rate coefficients and transition probabilities are quite consistent and may be used in the aeronomical studies.     

A new model for atmospheric radiation under clear sky condition at various altitudes

Atmospheric radiation is one of the major factors that dominate the thermal behaviors of aerostats. A high-performance model is needed to evaluate the atmospheric radiation. Based on the atmospheric radiation database containing 24,862 data points compiled from 7 stations with the elevation from sea level to 2373 m and the reference code MODTRAN, a new atmospheric radiation model is proposed using regression and optimization software. It has excellent prediction accuracy with the coefficient of determination of 0.94, the root mean square error of 15.1 W/m², and the mean absolute percentage error of 4.13% for the database. Comparison with the well-known existing model shows that the new model has the highest prediction accuracy. The new model predictions agree with the MODTRAN calculations at various altitudes very well, and thus it can be used for estimating the thermal performances of a high altitude aerostat.     

Highly Elliptical Orbits for Arctic observations: Assessment of ionizing radiation

The ionizing radiation environment was analyzed for a variety of potential Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEOs) with orbital periods ranging from 6 h to 24 h suitable to continuously monitor the Arctic region. Several models available from the ESA Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) online tool were employed, including the new-generation AE9/AP9 model for trapped radiation. Results showed that the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) has a well-pronounced local minimum for the 14-h orbit, which is nearly identical to the overall minimum observed for the longest orbital period (24 h). The thickness of slab aluminum shielding required to keep the annual TID below 10, 5 and 3.33 krad (i.e. 150, 75 and 50 krad for 15 years of mission duration) for a 14-h orbit is 2.1, 2.7 and 3.1 mm respectively. The 16-h orbit requires an additional 0.5 mm of aluminum to achieve the same results, while the 24-h orbit requires less shielding in the order of 0.2–0.3 mm. Comparison between the AE8/AP8 and AE9/AP9 models was conducted for all selected orbits. Results demonstrated that differences ranged from −70% to +170% depending on orbit geometry.     

复杂航天器的太阳光压建模方法

针对几何形状比较复杂的航天器光压建模时存在的不同光照特性的材料相互遮挡重叠、传统的简化或经验公式难以满足精度要求的困难,基于精确三维几何模型,利用虚拟视觉原理得到航天器垂直于太阳矢量截面形状,并结合截面各类材料光压系数等特性计算总的等效光压面积和系数。针对该方法计算量较大问题,提出一种根据设定姿态模式事先计算结合实时插值的快速简化算法。考虑到材料特性在空间环境中可能发生的变化,可将其调整为半经验公式,通过观测数据对材料光压系数进行最优估计并应用。仿真实例表明,提出的分析方法可有效反映航天器各部分的相互遮挡,与传统模型相比有一定优势。     

马赫数1.95超声速欠膨胀喷流声辐射数值分析

针对马赫数为1.95的欠膨胀超声速喷流声辐射特性,采用高精度计算格式的大涡模拟（LES）方法进行数值研究。通过对喷流平均流及湍流脉动统计结果的对比,确定数值方法的精确性。细致分析了超声速喷流流动特征,特别关注了其中激波胞格和湍流相互作用现象。基于流动与声场辐射间的关联性,分析了超声速喷流马赫波、宽频激波噪声辐射特性及形成机理。数值结果表明超声速喷流的剪切层演化及激波胞格与湍流间的相互作用构成欠膨胀超声速喷流的主要噪声源。     

碳纤维用作红外加热笼电热辐射材料的可行性研究

文章提出采用碳纤维作为红外加热笼的加热体,并开展了碳纤维加热条带的加工工艺及试验研究。确定了碳纤维加热条带的结构形式,试验测量了其各项技术指标。对测量数据分析表明,碳纤维作为加热笼的加热体是完全可行的,且具备电热辐射效率高、免喷涂黑漆、易于装配、可重复使用、经济性强等诸多优点。     

用温度修正的k-ε模型研究排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究温度修正的k-ε湍流模型对排气系统红外辐射特性计算精度的改善程度,计算了某轴对称收敛喷管在3~5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性,并与试验结果对比.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法(FVM)求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程得到,湍流模型分别采用标准k-ε模型和温度修正的k-ε模型.红外辐射特性的计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果表明:温度修正的k-ε模型可有效预测排气系统热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度.与标准k-ε模型相比,采用温度修正的k-ε模型计算得到的红外辐射强度的最大相对误差由64%降至了4.3%,说明温度修正的k-ε模型适用于精确模拟排气系统的红外辐射特性.      

单边膨胀矢量喷管气动和红外特性研究

在实验数据验证的基础上,通过计算流体力学/红外辐射(CFD/IR)综合的方法,对不同落压比、不同几何矢量角下的单边膨胀喷管(SERN)进行分析。研究结果表明:喷管无几何矢量动作下,低落压比下的单膨胀边上过度膨胀是造成喷管推力性能急剧下降的原因;喷管在负矢量角下,过度膨胀加剧,推力性能降低;随着喷管几何矢量角绝对值的增加,矢量推力增加,但推力系数减小,喷管几何矢量角在±25°、喷管落压比在3~6的研究范围内,喷管推力系数最低为0.88左右,最高达0.98;喷管几何矢量角为5°时,喷流红外辐射强度最大,喷管矢量角偏离5°的程度越大,尾焰红外辐射强度越低,但是空间分布规律不变。随着喷管几何矢量角的改变,喷管整体红外辐射强度的空间分布规律发生改变,几何矢量角为负时,辐射强度值大的探测角度向下方移动,几何矢量角为正时,喷管整体红外辐射较强的位置分布在上方,由单膨胀边高温壁面以及喷管内腔的可视面积决定。