辐射加热方法在结构热试验中的作用与地位

高超声速飞行器经受着严酷的气动加热环境,为验证飞行器整体设计、考核热结构耐热性能,需要开展大量的结构热试验研究,如辐射加热、气流加热方法等。其中辐射加热方法具有加热时间长、加热能力强、多温区控制等特点,是有效的结构全尺寸热试验方法;气流加热方法受试验空间、加热时间等限制,在特定问题上发挥着重要作用。给出了高超声速飞行器防热区和高温区的热结构设计理念,总结了国外结构热试验方法的发展和应用,指出用辐射加热模拟气动热环境仍将是新型飞行器热结构优化设计和性能考核的重要手段。     

蒙脱土纳米增强二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶的阻隔性能研究

进行有机蒙脱土对二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶纳米增强改性的研究。利用FTIR,XRD和TEM进行组织结构分析并测试耐辐照、耐液体溶胀和气体阻隔性能。结果表明,钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)经插层剂三十六烷基甲基溴化铵处理后,得到有机化蒙脱土(OMMT),OMMT的层间距比Na-MMT提高近65%;OMMT在橡胶复合材料中主要呈现纳米插层结构分布;二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶纳米复合材料的耐辐照、耐液体溶胀和气体阻隔性能得到明显提高,其原因乃源于蒙脱土片层结构的阻隔性能形成的纳米阻隔墙效应。     

矢量喷管内燃气辐射与壁面温度的耦合计算

选取内、外调节片和隔热屏建立几何模型,基于封闭腔净辐射模型和壁面热平衡模型建立了燃气辐射与喷管壁面温度的耦合算法.波段为1~5μm的气体辐射采用窄波带模型计算,其他波段不考虑气体辐射,建立辐射净热流密度-有效辐射亮度-壁面温度的关联式求解燃气与壁面的辐射换热,采用牛顿-拉斐尔森迭代法求解壁面热平衡方程计算其温度.对某轴对称矢量喷管(偏转20°),计算了喷管壁面的红外光谱辐射和辐射净热流密度,以及各部分结构的温度.作为验证,还计算了文献中某液体火箭发动机轴对称矢量喷管壁面的辐射净热流密度,与文献的结果进行对比一致性较好.研究表明:轴对称矢量喷管偏转段沿周向的辐射热流密度和温度差异很大,沿偏转方向部位壁面的温度和辐射热流密度都较低,偏转方向壁面的温度比相反方向大约低10%,辐射热流密度大约低50%.      

受控生态生保系统螺旋藻藻种筛选研究

以目前应用较多的7个螺旋藻品种为研究对象,采用摇床培养的方式,在光照强度为200μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光照周期为24h,培养温度为（30．0±1．0）℃的条件下进行培养,通过比较不同藻种的形态特征、生长速率、碳源利用率、营养组分、光合放氧特性以及耐电离辐射能力等指标,从中筛选出满足受控生态生保技术研究所需的螺旋藻藻种。实验结果表明,6号和7号藻种的各项指标比较突出,尤其是6号藻种,在生长速率、蛋白质等含量、光合放氧活性、以及抗辐射的能力表现更为突出,可作为今后受控生态生保技术研究中进一步研究对象和关键生物部件候选藻种。     

溅射靶对离子推力器的热辐射影响研究

为了研究真空环境设备内溅射靶温度升高后对30 cm离子推力器的热辐射影响,采用有限元分析的方法,首先对真空舱内的离子推力器羽流分布进行了模拟,在获得羽流对溅射靶造成的温度变化后,进一步分析了溅射靶温度升高对离子推力器温度以及栅极热形变位移所造成的影响.仿真结果显示,推力器羽流可采用定向分子流模型进行描述,羽流在真空舱内...     

航天器用低温多层隔热性能计算方程

航天器常用有效发射率表征多层的隔热性能,其经验值范围为0.02～0.04,经验值仅与多层单元数有关,不随温度变化.有效发射率经验值的适用条件是多层的热面温度约-10℃～50℃,多层的冷面不照太阳.使用条件偏离得越多,有效发射率的经验值导致的计算偏差就越大.针对该问题,提出采用辐射项加导热项的混合传热模型,取代传统的纯辐...     

Simulations of absorbed dose on the phantom surface of MATROSHKA-R experiment at the ISS

The health risks associated with exposure to various components of space radiation are of great concern when planning manned long-term interplanetary missions, such as future missions to Mars. Since it is not possible to measure the radiation environment inside of human organs in deep space, simulations based on radiation transport/interaction codes coupled to phantoms of tissue equivalent materials are used. However, the calculated results depend on the models used in the codes, and it is therefore necessary to verify their validity by comparison with measured data. The goal of this paper is to compare absorbed doses obtained in the MATROSHKA-R experiment performed at the International Space Station (ISS) with simulations performed with the three-dimensional Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS). The absorbed dose was measured using passive detectors (packages of thermoluminescent and plastic nuclear track detectors) placed on the surface of the spherical tissue equivalent phantom MATROSHKA-R, which was exposed aboard the ISS in the Service Zvezda Module from December 2005 to September 2006. The data calculated by PHITS assuming an ISS shielding of 3 g/cm² and 5 g/cm² aluminum mass thickness were in good agreement with the measurements. Using a simplified geometrical model of the ISS, the influence of variations in altitude and wall mass thickness of the ISS on the calculated absorbed dose was estimated. The uncertainties of the calculated data are also discussed; the relative expanded uncertainty of absorbed dose in phantom was estimated to be 44% at a 95% confidence level.     

Comparisons of several transport models in their predictions in typical space radiation environments

We have used several transport codes to calculate dose and dose equivalent values as well as the particle spectra behind a slab or inside a spherical shell shielding in typical space radiation environments. Two deterministic codes, HZETRN and UPROP, and two Monte Carlo codes, FLUKA and Geant4, are included. A soft solar particle event, a hard solar particle event, and a solar minimum galactic cosmic rays environment are considered; and the shielding material is either aluminum or polyethylene. We find that the dose values and particle spectra from HZETRN are in general rather consistent with Geant4 except for neutrons. The dose equivalent values from HZETRN and Geant4 are not far from each other, but the HZETRN values behind shielding are often lower than the Geant4 values. Results from FLUKA and Geant4 are mostly consistent for considered cases. However, results from the legacy code UPROP are often quite different from the other transport codes, partly due to its non-consideration of neutrons. Comparisons for the spherical shell geometry exhibit the same qualitative features as for the slab geometry. In addition, results from both deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes show that the dose equivalent inside the spherical shell decreases from the center to the inner surface and this decrease is large for solar particle events; consistent with an earlier study based on deterministic radiation transport results. This study demonstrates both the consistency and inconsistency among these transport models in their typical space radiation predictions; further studies will be required to pinpoint the exact physics modules in these models that cause the differences and thus may be improved.     

基于SAMPEX卫星观测的南大西洋异常区高能质子动态分布特征

利用SAMPEX卫星1992年7月至2004年6月19～27MeV高能质子数据对南大西洋异常区的分布特征进行研究, 发现南大西洋异常区高能质子分布随高度及F_10.7的变化十分显著. 在540±25km高度上, 地磁较为平静时期南大西洋异常区高能质子微分通量随着F_10.7的增大而减小, 同时在F_10.7≥115sfu时减小趋势较为平缓. 对中等及以上磁暴进行统计分析发现, 磁暴期间南大西洋异常区高能质子微分通量和SYM-H指数的绝对值存在明显的反相关关系, 且地磁暴对南大西洋异常区高能质子微分通量存在明显的持续影响效应. 磁暴发生期间高能质子微分通量明显减少. 磁暴恢复相及其之后高能质子微分通量呈现较为显著的恢复过程.      

空间中子辐射及其测量技术

空间辐射环境包含大量高能带电粒子,其与航天器的结构材料相互作用会产生次级中子辐射,由于这些中子的平均品质因子是带电粒子的约4~5倍,因而对生物组织的剂量当量相对贡献更大。由于中子与物质的作用机制更为复杂,测量难度大,使得准确测量空间中子注量及其剂量当量贡献成为空间辐射剂量学中最具挑战性的工作之一。主要介绍了空间中子辐射的产生机制以及国外相关测量方法及其相关校准技术的研究状况。