机器学习技术在气动优化中的应用

近年来优化设计在气动设计中发挥了越来越多的作用,但实用性和效率是制约其发挥作用的两大障碍。在大型客机超临界机翼设计中,通过"人在回路"（依靠人的经验在优化进行过程中实施必要干预）等努力,取得了较好的效果,机器学习技术逐步得到发展。提出了利用机器学习技术模拟人在优化过程中的合理行为和作用机制,以深层次利用信息和知识,改善优化的实用性和效率。梳理了机器学习技术在气动优化中应用的发展脉络,并结合工作实践介绍了机器学习在优化设计中的典型应用。进一步探讨了深度学习在气动优化中的可能应用方式。     

基于迭代滑模的机械臂控制策略

针对机械臂这类非线性的不确定性系统,基于迭代学习控制与滑模控制策略,提出了一种有效的迭代滑模控制方法。该控制方法通过将滑模控制律引入到迭代学习控制中,并运用Lyapunov理论对控制律进行证明,从而确保系统的稳定性。基于拉格朗日力学法建立动力学模型,得到相对简化的n关节机械臂模型。以一个二关节机械臂为例,通过MATLAB仿真验证所提控制策略可有效提高关节的跟踪速度与跟踪精度,并且在一定程度上可减缓传统滑模控制的抖振现象,与传统迭代学习控制相比,系统具有鲁棒性。物理试验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

An aero-engine life-cycle maintenance policy optimization algorithm: Reinforcement learning approach

An aero-engine maintenance policy plays a crucial role in reasonably reducing maintenance cost. An aero-engine is a type of complex equipment with long service-life. In engineering,a hybrid maintenance strategy is adopted to improve the aero-engine operational reliability. Thus,the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy should be considered synchronously in aero-engine maintenance policy optimization. This paper proposes an aero-engine life-cycle maintenance policy optimization algorithm that synchronously considers the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy. The reinforcement learning approach was adopted to illustrate the optimization framework, in which maintenance policy optimization was formulated as a Markov decision process. In the reinforcement learning framework, the Gauss–Seidel value iteration algorithm was adopted to optimize the maintenance policy. Compared with traditional aero-engine maintenance policy optimization methods, the long service-life and the hybrid maintenance strategy could be addressed synchronously by the proposed algorithm. Two numerical experiments and algorithm analyses were performed to illustrate the optimization algorithm in detail.     

基于深度学习的超临界裂解煤油流量特性研究

为了明晰超临界裂解煤油的流量特性,实现对超临界裂解煤油流量的准确预测,采用实验方法测量了较大压力和温度范围内超临界裂解煤油的流量,对超临界裂解煤油流量特性进行了分析,基于多元线性回归方法,多元多项式回归方法和深度学习方法分别建立了超临界裂解煤油流量预测模型并给出了模型评估指标。研究结果表明,超临界裂解煤油流量主要与压降和温度有关,并且流量与压降和温度之间存在着很强的非线性关系;基于深度学习方法的深度神经网络模型性能优于多元线性回归模型和多元多项式回归模型,能够更加准确地刻画超临界裂解煤油的流量特性,其平均相对预测误差在1.1%左右,最大相对预测误差在7%以下。     

基于多智能体深度强化学习的多星观测任务分配方法

为应对多星环境中复杂多约束条件下的任务分配场景,提出一种多星自主决策观测任务分配算法,该算法采用基于集中式训练、分布式执行的多智能体深度强化学习算法。通过这种方式训练后的卫星智能体,即使在没有中心决策节点或通信受限的情况下,仍具有一定的自主协同能力及独立实现多星观测任务的高效分配能力。     

基于改进SSD算法的航拍目标检测算法研究

研究基于深度学习技术的无人机航拍图像目标检测算法,首先介绍目标检测算法SSD(Single Shot MultiBox Detector),并对其特征提取网络进行改进,采用稠密特征提取网络替换原网络的主干特征提取网络,提高算法的特征提取能力,从而提升了算法的检测精度。针对网络实时性问题,在算法中引入分组卷积,极大地减少了网络参数量,提升了网络推理速度。为解决训练中出现的正负样本不均衡问题,利用焦点损失（Focal Loss）改进了原算法的损失函数,进一步提升了网络的收敛速度和精度。最后,通过仿真验证了改进算法在目标检测精度上的优越性。     

基于YOLOv5的红外目标检测算法

针对红外图像的特点,提出了一种YOLOv5-IF算法,采用基于残差机制的特征提取网络,实现了不同特征层之间信息的高效交互,能够得到更丰富的目标语义信息。通过改进YOLOv5的检测方案,增加更大尺度的检测头,有效提升了红外图像中小目标的检测概率。针对计算平台资源有限、算法实时性要求高等问题,设计了Detection Block模块,并由此构建了特征整合网络,该模块不仅能提升算法检测精度,还可有效缩减模型参数量。在FLIR红外自动驾驶数据集上,该算法的平均准确率(mAP)为74%,参数量仅19.5MB,优于现有算法。     

行星软着陆GPS有模型强化学习制导方法

由于距离地球较远、测控延时误差较大、飞行环境十分复杂且难以提前预测，行星软着陆的自主制导技术目前存在水平位置估计困难、导航参考信息匮乏、复杂地形着陆困难等挑战。针对行星软着陆存在的困难和挑战，提出了基于引导策略搜索算法的有模型强化学习制导方法，实现了着陆器在初始状态受到扰动时，无需重新规划，仍能在满足约束条件的情况下降落在指定位置。该方法将迭代线性二次调节器作为控制器，产生初始轨迹；其次，使用多层神经网络拟合制导策略；最后，利用控制器监督策略学习，进而收敛产生可行策略。针对行星表面软着陆的仿真验证结果显示该算法仅通过几次循环，即可以实现初始状态变化的快速软着陆。一方面表明了基于有模型强化学习的数据高效利用率，另一方面也证明了强化学习方法在深空探测领域中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Encounter trajectories for deep space mission ASTER to the triple near Earth asteroid 2001-SN263. The laser altimeter (ALR) point of view

In cooperation with Russia, the Brazilian deep space mission ASTER plans to send a small spacecraft to investigate the triple asteroid 2001-SN263. The nearest launch opportunities for this project include June 2022 and June 2025. One main exploration campaign is being planned with focus on the largest asteroid (Alpha). Among the instruments under development, a laser altimeter (named ALR) was preliminarily designed and presented in 2010–2011. Many studies to define mission and instruments requirements were performed aiming at the characterization of important issues for the successful realization of the mission. Among them, the identification of a suitable trajectory that could be followed by the ASTER spacecraft in the encounter phase, when the main campaign will take place. This paper describes the effort undertaken with focus on the laser altimeter operation. Possible encounter trajectories were modelled and simulated to identify suitable approach parameters and conditions allowing the accomplishment of the intended investigation. The simulation also involves the instrument operation, considering approach geometry, attitude, relative motion, time/date, and the dynamics of the main asteroid. From the laser altimeter point of view, keeping in mind the desired coverage results (50% minimum surface coverage of asteroid Alpha, complying with horizontal and vertical resolution requirements), results point out crucial features for the encounter trajectory, like the need for a small inclination (10^-6 degrees; with respect to the asteroid's orbit), the most favourable spacecraft positioning (between the Sun and the asteroid) and pointing condition (back to the Sun), the minimum amount of achievable surface coverage (58%, focused on central areas), and the most proper time to conduct the main campaign (January 2025). Concerning the instrument, results offer refined values for divergence angle (500 to 650 μrad, half-cone), pulse repetition frequencies (from 1/20 to 1 Hz), and consequent data generation rates. A simulation tool that can use any 3D generated trajectories as input data was created for the analyses presented here. Although created for the ALR in this mission, this simple analysis tool can be adapted to other instruments in this or other missions.     

基于PCA-MPSO-ELM的空战目标威胁评估

目标威胁评估是空战对抗过程中的关键环节。由于影响空战目标威胁评估的因素复杂多样，且指标之间存在相关性，导致传统的评估算法无法得到准确客观的评估结果。由此，提出了一种基于主成分分析法和改进粒子群算法优化的极限学习机（PCA-MPSO-ELM）的目标威胁评估算法。首先，综合分析了影响目标威胁程度的指标，利用主成分分析法对原始评估指标进行线性变化处理得到综合变量，消除了评估指标之间的相关性，实现了对评估数据的降维；在此基础上，构建ELM神经网络并利用改进的粒子群算法优化极限学习机的输入权值和阈值，提高了目标威胁评估模型的精度。最后，在空战训练测量仪中选取空战对抗数据，利用威胁指数法构造了目标威胁评估样本数据，通过仿真实验分析了PCA-MPSO-ELM算法的精度和实时性，结果表明所提算法可以快速准确地进行空战目标威胁评估。