Validate the IRI2007 model by the COSMIC slant TEC data during the extremely solar minimum of 2008

During 2008, the solar activity is extremely low. The satellite observations show that the ionospheric height and electron density is much lower than the predictions by the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model. In this paper, we compared the slant total electron content (TEC) observed by the COSMIC satellites during 2008 with the IRI model results. It is found that the IRI model with IRI2001 and IRI2001 Cor. topside options will always overestimate the electron density in both lower and higher altitudes. But the rest two topside options (NeQuick, and TTS) tend to overestimate the electron density in the F layer and underestimate it in the topside altitudes. The switch altitude between overestimation and underestimation and the latitude-local time distribution of the model deviation depend on the topside option. The current investigation might be useful for the model improvement as well as data assimilation work based on the IRI model and the LEO TEC data.     

飞机最短时间爬升轨迹的格点搜寻算法

以飞机在垂直平面的运动方程为基础,采用线性时间负荷控制的飞行模式,提出了求解飞机最短时间爬升轨迹的格点搜寻算法.该方法视飞机为一质点,以此为基础计算出每个相邻格点的时间间隔,最后用h×Ma格点数搜寻法求出飞机最短时间爬升的最优轨迹.数字仿真表明,在规定的爬升范围内用格点搜寻算法可以实现快速的时间响应,得到的最优轨迹能够准确地跟踪设定的性能指标.     

Multi-wavelength coordinated observations of ionospheric irregularity structures from an anomaly crest location during unusual solar minimum of the 24th cycle

The present paper reports coordinated ionospheric irregularity measurements at optical as well as GPS wavelengths. Optical measurements were obtained from Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) sensors installed onboard the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites. GPS radio signals were obtained from a dual frequency GPS receiver operational at Calcutta (22.58°N, 88.38°E geographic; geomagnetic dip: 32.96°; 13.00°N, 161.63°E geomagnetic) under the SCIntillation Network Decision Aid (SCINDA) program. Calcutta is located near the northern crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) in the Indian longitude sector. The observations were conducted during the unusually low and prolonged solar minima period of 2008–2010. During this period, four cases of post-sunset GPS scintillation were observed from Calcutta. Among those cases, simultaneous fluctuations in GPS Carrier-to-Noise ratios (C/N_o) and measured radiances from TIP over a common ionospheric volume were observed only on February 2, 2008 and September 25, 2008. Fluctuations observed in measured radiances (maximum 0.95 Rayleigh) from TIP due to ionospheric irregularities were found to correspond well with C/N₀ fluctuations on the GPS links observed from Calcutta, such effects being noted even during late evening hours of 21:00–22:00 LT from locations around 40° magnetic dip. These measurements indicate the existence of electron density irregularities of scale sizes varying over several decades from 135.6 nm to 300–400 m well beyond the northern crest of the EIA in the Indian longitude sector during late evening hours even in the unusually low solar activity conditions.     

The northern and southern mid-latitude ionospheric trough using global IGS vTEC maps

The aim of this work is the analysis of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT) using the Global Ionospheric Maps from IGS (GIMs) during the solar minimum, year 2008. This study was performed for different local times, 22, 00, 02 and 04 LT on the Northern and Southern hemisphere simultaneously. In the two hemispheres the MIT show asymmetric pattern. The high-latitude troughs are clearly distinguished in autumn and winter. Another feature is the longitudinal development towards the west of the geomagnetic pole covering a wider area in the Northern Hemisphere. Five empirical reference models were tested and compared with the MIT minimum position obtained from GIMs at different local times for both hemisphere. The results show a better agreement with the observations for the Northern Hemisphere specially with the Köehnlein & Raitt model. Fluctuations of 9 days and 27 days of the MIT minimum position are found, which could be related with the solar wind oscillations, especially for 00 and 02 LT in both hemisphere, suggesting a link between them.     

吉林陨石（H5）的冲击压缩线及其意义

在二级轻气炮动高压装置上运用电探针技术测量了具有H群球粒陨石典型代表性的吉林陨石冲击压缩线。当冲击压力>～70GPa时,吉林陨石发生相变,其高压相零压密度为4.425g/cm~3,硅酸盐部分高压相零压密度为4.068g/cm~3。吉林陨石冲击压缩性质的研究结果与地球形成的星子堆积模型(IAB铁陨石+H群球粒陨石)一致。此外,根据陨石或其类似物的冲击压缩线,用阻抗匹配原理计算了主要类型陨石中重要冲击特征形成的最小碰撞速度,揭示了陨石冲击效应形成的动力学条件与空间环境。     

用最大值原理求某无人机的最优上升轨迹

为改进某无人机飞行性能，应用最大值原理求解无人机在垂直平面内的最优上升轨迹，推导了无人机最经济爬升所满足的极值方程；并用此方程和最快爬升极值方程这两类目标函数求解了某无人机的最优上升轨迹，计算结果表明，经优化后的爬升轨迹可以节省燃油，延长无人机的续航时间或快速爬升到预定的终点高度具有较好的性能收益。     

白刚玉对微烟推进剂燃烧性能的影响

微烟推进剂不能含有铝粉,故必须加入其他燃烧稳定剂来抑制不稳定燃烧。本文提出了燃烧稳定剂选择的关键性指标——粒度及粒度分布的可控性,认为磨料微粉白刚玉(Al_2O_3)是微烟推进剂比较合适的燃烧稳定剂新品种,进而研究了白刚玉粒度、含量对推进剂燃速、压强指数和燃烧稳定性影响的规律性,探讨了燃烧前后白刚玉粒度变化的趋势,并由实测火焰结构证实,该推进剂与双基推进剂火焰结构相似,从而为该类推进剂选择催化剂提供了理论依据.     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.     

Plasmaspheric electron content derived from GPS TEC and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC measurements: Solar minimum condition

The plasmaspheric electron content (PEC) was estimated by comparison of GPS TEC observations and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation measurements at the extended solar minimum of cycle 23/24. Results are retrieved for different seasons (equinoxes and solstices) of the year 2009. COSMIC-derived electron density profiles were integrated up to the height of 700 km in order to retrieve estimates of ionospheric electron content (IEC). Global maps of monthly median values of COSMIC IEC were constructed by use of spherical harmonics expansion. The comparison between two independent measurements was performed by analysis of the global distribution of electron content estimates, as well as by selection specific points corresponded to mid-latitudes of Northern America, Europe, Asia and the Southern Hemisphere. The analysis found that both kinds of observations show rather similar diurnal behavior during all seasons, certainly with GPS TEC estimates larger than corresponded COSMIC IEC values. It was shown that during daytime both GPS TEC and COSMIC IEC values were generally lower at winter than in summer solstice practically over all specific points. The estimates of PEC (h > 700 km) were obtained as a difference between GPS TEC and COSMIC IEC values. Results of comparative study revealed that for mid-latitudinal points PEC estimates varied weakly with the time of a day and reached the value of several TECU for the condition of solar minimum. Percentage contribution of PEC to GPS TEC indicated the clear dependence from the time with maximal values (more than 50–60%) during night-time and lesser values (25–45%) during day-time.     

输油管布置优化模型

根据两车站是否在同一竖线上,分成两种情况,其中重点考虑了两车站不在同一竖线上的情况。根据三角形的相关知识,给出了管线建设费用的目标函数,然后利用微分法,得出最省的管线费用,最终解决了输油管布置的问题。