EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON R134A AIRBORNE VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

The airborne high power electrical equipments have been widely used in modern aircrafts, which conse- quently causes the dramatic increase of heating load up to dozens of kilowatts. Accordingly, vapor-compression re- frigeration system （VCRS） with lower engine bleed air and larger refrigeration capacity has been paid much atten- tion in recent years. Therefore, based on the analysis of the characteristics of VCRS, an experiment system of VCRS using R134a is set up to simulate operation performances. The influences of different parameters including evaporation pressure, condensing pressure, refrigerant mass flow rate and compressor rotation speed are also in- vestigated. The impacts of different parameters on the system performance are various. This work can help to es- tablish the specific control law under different work conditions.     

Thermal conductivity studies of a polyurea cross-linked silica aerogel-RTV 655 compound for cryogenic propellant tank applications in space

Silica-based aerogel is an ideal thermal insulator with a makeup of up to 99% air associated with the highly porous nature of this material. Polyurea cross-linked silica aerogel (PCSA) has superior mechanical properties compared to the native aerogels yet retains the highly porous open pore network and functions as an ideal thermal insulator with added load-bearing capability necessary for some applications. Room temperature vulcanizing rubber-RTV 655—is a space qualified elastomeric thermal insulator and encapsulant with high radiation and temperature tolerance as well as chemical resistance. Storage and transport of cryogenic propellant liquids is an integral part of the success of future space exploratory missions and is an area under constant development. Limitations and shortcomings of current cryogenic tank materials and insulation techniques such as non-uniform insulation layers, self-pressurization, weight and durability issues of the materials used, has motivated the quest for alternative materials. Both RTV 655 and PCSA are promising space qualified materials with unique and tunable microscopic and macroscopic properties making them attractive candidates for this study. In this work, the effect of PCSA geometry and volume concentration on the thermal behavior of RTV 655—PCSA compound material has been investigated at room temperature and at a cryogenic temperature. Macroscopic and microscopic PCSA material was encapsulated at increasing concentrations in an RTV 655 elastomeric matrix. The effect of pulverization on the nanopores of PCSA as a method for creating large quantities of homogeneous PCSA microparticles has also been investigated and is reported. The PCSA volume concentrations ranged between 22% and 75% for both geometries. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed based on the steady state transient plane source method.     

A short history of the European Transonic Wind Tunnel ETW

This paper is written as a contribution to the celebration of 50 years of Progress in Aerospace Sciences and of the centenary of the birth of its founder, Dietrich Küchemann. It reviews the evolution of the European Transonic Wind Tunnel, ETW, from early conceptual studies to its entry into service and its current capabilities and achievements. It traces the development, from the earliest days, of experimental aerodynamics and of the basic aerodynamic understanding that gave rise to the main periods of wind tunnel building before and after World War II. By about 1960, this activity appeared to have come to a natural halt. The paper gives an account of the role of Küchemann in arguing the need in 1968 for a further step in wind tunnel capability, to provide transonic testing at high Reynolds numbers. It describes his leading role in gaining acceptance of the concept, formulating the specification and promoting studies of alternative, radical design options for the co-operative European project that became ETW. The progress of ETW through design, construction, commissioning and into full operation is recorded. The paper discusses the many technical innovations that have been introduced in order to meet customer requirements in the challenging field of aerodynamic testing in a cryogenic environment and, finally, looks to the future and the further technical challenges that it holds.     

开放式二氧化碳制冷性能

二氧化碳属于对环境友好的自然制冷工质,使用时直接排放对环境影响很小。本文提出一种开放式二氧化碳制冷系统,研究了高压二氧化碳在25,30和35°C三种典型储存环境下的制冷特性,同时考察了影响开放式二氧化碳制冷性能的各种因素。研究结果表明:二氧化碳储存状态对其制冷性能影响较大,在超临界条件下制冷量损失较大,同时,纯气体节流时储罐中的制冷量损失要远大于气液两相节流,为二氧化碳开放式制冷的应用提供了实验依据。     

空气循环制冷游离水与空气分离方法的探讨与研究

本文分析了空气循环制冷技术的原理以及技术应用于地面设备的特点，针对外界高温、高湿的大气条件下制冷过程中游离水与空气的分离问题给出了新的有效的解决办法。     

深空探测用低温推进剂贮箱热力排气系统研究

Cryogenic propellant usually experiences long term on orbit storage. The pressure increase in cryogenic storage tank is faced by most of space missions. The thermodynamic vent system (TVS) is treated as the promising method to control the increase of the tank pressure by scholars both at home and abroad. Based on the investigation conducted by different research agencies, literature review and management are conducted to reflect the recent research statue on TVS. The development profile of the experimental research on the pressure control performance of TVS is specially summarized. The condition setting and performance difference of TVS conducted by different agencies are compared and analyzed. The key technique and related conclusion are refined during the operation of TVS. Finally, based on the requirement of the large scale using of cryogenic propellant in deep space exploration in China, the development plan is proposed on the aspect of TVS pressure control on cryogenic storage tanks.     

基于核心零部件聚类的飞机现场可更换单元划分

为研究军用飞机测试性设计过程中现场可更换单元（LRU）划分工作，以功能独立性和结构独立性为基本原则，以降低飞机维修保障成本和时间为主要目标，设计了一种军用飞机LRU划分方案。方案在首先实现了飞机从整机到零部件的功能结构分层划分基础上，从设备零部件层级出发，以综合重要度作为各零部件的定量化指标，运用帕累托（Pareto）原则筛选出核心零部件。然后基于核心零部件开发了一种LRU划分聚类算法，该算法以军用飞机设计研制阶段、使用保障阶段、退役处置阶段全寿命周期内成本和时间为优化目标构造综合评判因子，实现了非核心零部件与LRU模块之间的聚类组合，得到最优的LRU划分结果。最后以某型军用飞机上蒸发循环制冷装置为例，运用本文设计的方案实现了该装置LRU的划分，并将划分结果与该装置的实际LRU清单进行对比，通过维修保障成本和时间综合评判因子对两种划分结果的优劣性进行分析，得出本文设计方案得到的LRU划分结果对飞机维修保障成本和时间的优化效果较为均衡的结论。     

大飞机四轮升压制冷系统焓参数法匹配计算

国外先进民机座舱制冷系统已采用高性能四轮升压式高压除水制冷系统.针对传统的系统参数匹配方法复杂的特点,引入焓参数法建立了四轮升压式高压除水制冷系统匹配计算模型,用所建模型进行了匹配计算,并分析了流比、风扇功率比参数和涡轮功率比参数对系统性能的影响.计算结果表明:用焓代替温度作为系统各附件热力计算的状态参数,使得物理概念清晰,匹配过程简单,编程易于实现.避免了重复计算各附件连接点湿空气的饱和含湿量,简化了换热器的热力计算过程.研究成果为大飞机的研制提供了一定的理论指导.     

低温推进剂热分层研究

通过详细分析热分层产生的机理,阐述了低温流体热分层所引起的流体温度分布、气液界面现象以及箱体压力增加过程。对有关流体热分层的试验研究以及数值模拟的文献进行了整理;对不同低温流体工质、箱体初始设置参数及尺寸参数、箱体形状、壁面曲率大小、壁面是否加肋片以及箱体晃动旋转等对热分层的影响进行了分类总结;对不同热分层数学物理模型进行了系统对比。介绍了不同重力水平下,流体流动状态与热分层的关系。归纳了有关热分层现象的一些重要结论,阐明了我国在该领域开展研究的必要性。最后指出低温流体热分层对推进剂箱体优化设计及安全运行的重要意义。     

低温风洞应用与发展探讨

简要讨论了低温风洞提高雷诺数的原理。分析了应用低温风洞进行高雷诺数气动试验、飞行器热喷流模拟及高雷诺数／高格拉晓夫数／高温比对流换热模拟试验的原理和特点,从中可以看到应用低温风洞进行这类试验的突出优点及其对发展航空航天科学的重要意义。重点讨论中国发展低温风洞的可行途径,对低温风洞的一些特殊关键技术,如工作温度选择、制冷系统、绝热系统、风洞模型、试验参数测量等进行了详尽探讨。