Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation(s). However, most existing works only incorporate “two” levels of fidelity, and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging (MHK), which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments (DoE). Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective (e.g. C_D) and constraint (e.g. C_L, C_m) functions. Next, new samples are selected through infill-sampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found. The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

CST气动外形参数化方法研究

 类别形状函数变换(CST)方法是通过类别函数和形状函数来表示几何外形的新型气动外形参数化方法。通过考察参数化过程线性系统的条件数以及对翼型的表示误差,研究了Bernstein多项式阶数(BPO)对CST方法单值性和精度的影响,并将CST方法与B样条法、Hicks-Henne法和参数化翼型(PARSEC)法的参数数量和表示精度进行了对比。使用基于CST参数化方法的远场组元(FCE)激波阻力优化方法对超声速机翼进行外形优化,优化后的机翼其激波阻力降低达61%。研究结果表明:CST方法具有参数少,精度高的优点;为保证表示精度,同时避免病态参数化过程,应使用4阶以上、10阶以下的Bernstein多项式定义形状函数。     

类水滴进口高超声速内收缩进气道设计及数值研究

采用压升规律可控的轴对称基准流场,结合流线追踪及截面渐变等技术设计了类水滴进口转圆形出口高超内收缩进气道构型,在设计点和接力点进行了数值模拟,并和设计参数相同的矩形转圆形内收缩进气道进行了比较.结果表明:设计点和接力点两者总体性能相当,类水滴进口进气道出口流场较均匀,并且具有更好的起动性能.此外,类水滴进口的几何非对称性造成了进气道整个流场结构的非对称.      

Energy Conversion Efficiency of Rainbow Shape Piezoelectric Transducer

With the aim to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer, an analysis model of energy conversion efficiency is established based on the elastic mechanics theory and piezoelectricity theory. It can be found that the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer mainly depends on its shape parameters and material properties from the analysis model. Simulation results show that there is an optimal length ratio to generate maximum energy conversion efficiency and the optimal length ratios and energy conversion efficiencies of beryllium bronze substrate transducer and steel substrate transducer are (0.65, 2.21%) and (0.65, 1.64%) respectively. The optimal thickness ratios and energy conversion efficiencies of beryllium bronze substrate transducer and steel substrate transducer are (1.16, 2.56%) and (1.49, 1.57%) respectively. With the increase of width ratio and initial curvature radius, both the energy conversion efficiencies decrease. Moreover, beryllium bronze flexible substrate transducer is superior to the steel flexible substrate transducer.     

一类平流层飞艇质量和惯量特性的计算方法与分析

针对一类具有双拼椭球体外形的平流层飞艇,根据适当假设,给出该类飞艇质量和惯量特性的解析计算方法.以飞艇上升过程为例,通过仿真计算给出该过程飞艇质量、质心位置和转动惯量的变化曲线,结合理论分析,验证该计算方法的合理性.最后,简要分析了质量和惯量特性变化对飞艇运动稳定性和能控性的影响.     

Banach空间上非扩张映像的一个不动点定理

设X为满足Opial条件的自反Banach空间,D包含X为一闭星形集。证明了非扩张映像G：D→D的一个新的不动点定理,这一定理推广了已有相关结果。     

一种新的基于从明暗恢复形状的月球表面三维形状恢复算法

提出了一种新的基于从明暗恢复形状的月球表面三维形状恢复算法。首先 ,分析了在太阳光照条件下月球表面的成像模型,建立了基于Lunar\|Lambert反射模型的 图像辐照度方程。然后由图像辐照度方程建立相应的静态Hamilton\|Jacobi方程,使用
Lax\|Friedrichs sweeping方法逼近其粘性解,得到表面三维高度。最后通过对合成图像和 实际月球图像进行三维形状恢复,实验结果表明提出的新算法可以有效地应用于月球表面的 三维形状恢复。     

压电驱动器的气动弹性应用

 随着压电智能材料与结构的发展,压电驱动器在气动弹性控制领域占据重要地位。使用压电驱动器控制翼面变形,利用而不是抵抗气动弹性效应可以控制升力、力矩以及它们的分布。采用基本相同的智能结构翼面控制系统,根据不同的控制目标需求,使用压电智能材料驱动器可以达到多种目的,包括静态的形状控制与动态的颤振抑制、抖振控制与阵风响应控制。静态控制方面例如改变翼面形状获得附加空气动力以增加升力、提供横滚力矩、改变升力分布以减小诱导阻力或减小翼根弯矩等;动态控制例如利用改变翼面形状产生的附加空气动力作为控制载荷,改变气动弹性系统的耦合程度,根据控制效果要求可作为气动阻尼、气动刚度或气动质量。这种控制方法可以减轻结构重量,提高操纵效率,扩大飞行包线,提高材料利用率,已成为可变形飞行器的重要研究内容。本文主要阐述压电驱动器气动弹性应用的动机与机理、发展与成就以及问题与展望。     

双U形管束换热器压降和热效率模型实验

在低速风洞上实验研究了双U形管束换热器压降特性以及热效率,着重对比了U形管截面形状和换热器安装角的影响.结果表明:在相同的U形管管内平均速度下,椭圆管换热器的管内压降高于圆管换热器,在较高的管内平均速度下两者的差异更为明显;对于外部流动,换热器安装角增大所诱导的外部流动压降显著增加,在较小的换热器安装角下,椭圆管换热器的管外压降略大于圆管换热器,而在较大的换热器安装角下,椭圆管换热器的管外压降则显著低于圆管换热器;安装角为30°的换热器传热系数较安装角为10°时可以提高约50%,在密流比为0.4时,椭圆管换热器的热效率相对于圆管换热器约有6%的增加.      

形态仿生飞行器研制进展及关键技术

从大自然中生物的形态汲取灵感,对优秀的气动外形加以模仿和借鉴,从而获得更好的飞行性能,是形态仿生飞行器设计的基本思路。本文介绍了形态仿生飞行器的研制背景,分析了形态仿生“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种研究过程;按照仿鸟飞行器、仿鱼飞行器和其他仿生飞行器的类别分别介绍了形态仿生飞行器当前发展现状;探究了外形特征的提取方法,参照生物优良特性解决飞行器设计过程中的问题,仿生飞行器气动参数的辨识等关键技术,并对形态仿生飞行器的未来发展趋势进行了归纳总结。本文研究的内容对于形态仿生飞行器的设计具有一定的参考意义。