Measured properties of the cosmic background radiation

After a pioneering period when the observers were mainly interested in checking the general properties of the Cosmic Background Radiation through observations at still higher frequencies, the observational efforts are now devoted to the discovery of features in the mean panorama, in particular :i) Distortions in the frequency spectrum, ii) Spatial anisotropies at various angular scales; iii) Polarization. The observational information is reviewed.     

复合材料 ENF 试件裂纹扩展理论分析简

 对复合材料端部缺口弯曲（ENF）试件裂纹扩展过程进行了理论分析,研究了界面参数变化对载荷-位移曲线的影响。首先在梁微段分析的基础上,通过双线性Cohesive本构模型模拟了界面损伤。本文模型中考虑了轴力的影响,根据界面损伤程度对模型进行了分段,并分别获得了各段通解。以裂纹长度以及黏聚区范围为变量分析了ENF试件裂纹扩展过程,求解获得了载荷-位移曲线。通过与已有理论模型结果对比,验证了本文理论分析的正确性,且本文理论考虑了弹性段后非线性的存在。分析了界面参数与黏聚区长度的关系,为界面参数的选取提供了一定的依据。     

23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强度钢DCB试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为

23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强度钢具有优异的强韧性配合,逐步取代现役的超高强度钢,被广泛地应用于起落架等航空关键承力构件中。研究了23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强度钢的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,对该材料的安全可靠应用具有重要的意义。采用双悬臂(DCB)试样研究了23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强度钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的SCC分叉行为,为该材料在航空航天领域安全可靠地使用提供了理论数据。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试验开裂后的断口形貌进行了表征,采用X射线电子衍射技术(XRD)结合能谱(EDS)技术对腐蚀产物进行分析。结果表明应力腐蚀裂纹扩展分叉,断口形貌在裂纹扩展前期、中期和后期分别为穿晶(TG)形貌、穿晶伴随沿晶(IG)形貌并含有二次微裂纹以及沿晶脆性断裂。该超高强度钢腐蚀产物主要包括Fe、Cr、Co的氧化物,结合Co、Cr、Ni、Mo在应力腐蚀过程中的变化,讨论了裂纹扩展分叉机理。     

Evaluation of mixed mode-I/II criteria for fatigue crack propagation using experiments and modeling

In this study, in-plane mixed mode-I/II fatigue crack growth simulations and experiments are performed for the Al 7075-T651 aluminum alloy which is widely used in the aerospace industry. Tests are carried out under different mode mixity ratios to evaluate the applicability of a fracture criterion developed in a previous study to mixed mode-I/II fatigue crack growth tests. Results obtained from the analyses and experiments are compared with existing and developed criteria in terms of crack growth lives. Compact Tension Shear (CTS) specimens, which enable mixed mode loading with loading devices under different loading angles, are used in the simulations and experiments. In an effort to model and simulate the actual conditions in the experiments, crack surfaces of fractured specimens are scanned, crack paths are modeled exactly, and contacts are defined between the contact surfaces of a specimen and the loading device for each crack propagation step in the analyses. Having computed the mixed mode stress intensity factors from the numerical analyses, propagation life cycles are predicted by existing and the developed mixed mode-I/II criteria and then compared with experimental results.     

Fast solar radiation pressure modelling with ray tracing and multiple reflections

Physics based SRP (Solar Radiation Pressure) models using ray tracing methods are powerful tools when modelling the forces on complex real world space vehicles. Currently high resolution (1?mm) ray tracing with secondary intersections is done on high performance computers at UCL (University College London). This study introduces the BVH (Bounding Volume Hierarchy) into the ray tracing approach for physics based SRP modelling and makes it possible to run high resolution analysis on personal computers. The ray tracer is both general and efficient enough to cope with the complex shape of satellites and multiple reflections (three or more, with no upper limit). In this study, the traditional ray tracing technique is introduced in the first place and then the BVH is integrated into the ray tracing. Four aspects of the ray tracer were tested for investigating the performance including runtime, accuracy, the effects of multiple reflections and the effects of pixel array resolution.Test results in runtime on GPS IIR and Galileo IOV (In Orbit Validation) satellites show that the BVH can make the force model computation 30–50 times faster. The ray tracer has an absolute accuracy of several nanonewtons by comparing the test results for spheres and planes with the analytical computations. The multiple reflection effects are investigated both in the intersection number and acceleration on GPS IIR, Galileo IOV and Sentinel-1 spacecraft. Considering the number of intersections, the 3rd reflection can capture $99.12\%\text{,}99.14\%$, and $91.34\%$ of the total reflections for GPS IIR, Galileo IOV satellite bus and the Sentinel-1 spacecraft respectively. In terms of the multiple reflection effects on the acceleration, the secondary reflection effect for Galileo IOV satellite and Sentinel-1 can reach 0.2?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ and 0.4?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ respectively. The error percentage in the accelerations magnitude results show that the 3rd reflection should be considered in order to make it less than $0.035\%$. The pixel array resolution tests show that the dimensions of the components have to be considered when choosing the spacing of the pixel in order not to miss some components of the satellite in ray tracing. This paper presents the first systematic and quantitative study of the secondary and higher order intersection effects. It shows conclusively the effect is non-negligible for certain classes of misson.     

扰动引力场对远程火箭影响的分析及补偿方法研究进展

在分析扰动引力场影响机理的基础上,梳理了目前垂线偏差及扰动引力影响的分析方法。介绍了垂线偏差和扰动引力快速重构的主要研究进展。最后从弹道诸元、制导诸元和箭上实时三个方面评估了扰动引力场影响补偿的方法。本文的工作为提升扰动引力场下远程火箭的精度和快速反应能力提供了支持。     

离心力场对内燃波转子火焰传播特性的影响

为了揭示离心力对内燃波转子火焰传播特性的影响，建立了内燃波转子燃烧过程的简化模型，数值模拟了不同离心力场强度下波转子通道内的燃烧过程。研究结果表明，离心力只在一定范围内对火焰传播起到加速作用，且这种影响与预混气当量油气比Φ有关，当Φ=1.0时，作用范围为［0～250g］，在Φ=0.6，0.8时，作用范围为［0～700g］；离心力场对内燃波转子火焰传播特性的影响机制是导致火焰锋面变形，进而引起火焰传播速度变化。     

直升机典型结构裂纹扩展路径模拟及分析研究

目前对于直升机上结构裂纹扩展路径预测大部分是依靠经验判断,缺乏理论数值模拟及有效的分析方法。本文基于adaqus有限元软件并结合实践经验设置初始裂纹,选取典型直升机结构进行了裂纹扩展仿真模拟,对结构加载方式、腐蚀区域以及加强槽因素等对裂纹扩展的影响进行了相关探讨研究。文章所述方法和结论对于直升机结构的裂纹扩展路径预测及损伤容限设计提供了新的思路,对工程设计有一定的改进参考意义。     

New insights from cross-correlation studies between solar activity indices and cosmic-ray flux during Forbush decrease events

Observed galactic cosmic ray intensity can be subjected to a transient decrease. These so-called Forbush decreases are driven by coronal mass ejection induced shockwaves in the heliosphere. By combining in situ measurements by space borne instruments with ground-based cosmic ray observations, we investigate the relationship between solar energetic particle flux, various solar activity indices, and intensity measurements of cosmic rays during such an event. We present cross-correlation study done using proton flux data from the SOHO/ERNE instrument, as well as data collected during some of the strongest Forbush decreases over the last two completed solar cycles by the network of neutron monitor detectors and different solar observatories. We have demonstrated connection between the shape of solar energetic particles fluence spectra and selected coronal mass ejection and Forbush decrease parameters, indicating that power exponents used to model these fluence spectra could be valuable new parameters in similar analysis of mentioned phenomena. They appear to be better predictor variables of Forbush decrease magnitude in interplanetary magnetic field than coronal mass ejection velocities.     

First measurements of periodicities and anisotropies of cosmic ray flux observed with a water-Cherenkov detector at the Marambio Antarctic base

A new water-Cherenkov radiation detector, located at the Argentine Marambio Antarctic Base (64.24S-56.62 W), has been monitoring the variability of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux since 2019. One of the main aims is to provide experimental data necessary to study interplanetary transport of GCRs during transient events at different space/time scales. In this paper we present the detector and analyze observations made during one full year. After the analysis and correction of the GCR flux variability due to the atmospheric conditions (pressure and temperature), a study of the periodicities is performed in order to analyze modulations due to heliospheric phenomena. We can observe two periods: (a) 1 day, associated with the Earth’s rotation combined with the spatial anisotropy of the GCR flux; and (b) $～$ 30 days due to solar impact of stable solar structures combined with the rotation of the Sun. From a superposed epoch analysis, and considering the geomagnetic effects, the mean diurnal amplitude is $～$ 0.08% and the maximum flux is observed in $～$ 15 h local time (LT) direction in the interplanetary space. In such a way, we determine the capability of Neurus to observe anisotropies and other interplanetary modulations on the GCR flux arriving at the Earth.