基于ABAQUS的渐开线齿轮齿根裂纹扩展仿真

齿轮在传动过程中经常发生断裂,严重影响了齿轮的使用。本文研究了齿轮齿根裂纹扩展特性,为齿轮安全设计打下基础。通过Pro/E参数化建模建立一对啮合渐开线齿轮,加载一定载荷后通过分析得到最大应力区域、假定裂纹源头和初始裂纹方向;在应力强度因子的计算过程中,从线弹性断裂力学角度出发,应用ABAQUS软件计算得到裂纹尖端应力强度因子;根据最大周向应力法,计算了裂纹失稳后的扩展角,并在ABAQUS中分步模拟了裂纹的扩展趋势;当kI值发生突变后,裂纹迅速扩展以致轮齿断裂。     

半球谐振子疲劳寿命分析与仿真

半球谐振子的寿命和损伤是直接影响高精度半球谐振陀螺使用时长和安全性的重要因素。目前国内加工的半球谐振子所用的熔融石英玻璃材料主要依靠进口,采用传统的疲劳寿命实验确定方法成本过于昂贵,因此需要利用疲劳分析软件对半球谐振子的疲劳寿命进行分析。文章通过半球谐振陀螺应力分析,采用ANSYS软件对熔融石英半球谐振子进行应力分析仿真,确定因残余应力所引起的疲劳危险部位,并在疲劳部位进行裂纹扩展分析,得到 、 和 型应力强度因子,以使在半球谐振子结构设计和使用过程中对易疲劳的部位进行有效监控和预防。     

医学图像光线投影体绘制中重采样快速算法研究

光线投影算法是体绘制算法中图像效果比较好的方法,但存在运算量大,绘制速度慢的问题,如何提高重采样速度是加速光线投影算法的关键。本利用重采样点在两坐标系中的矩阵变换特性,减少矩阵运算量,同时结合三维数据场在像平面的投影减少光线投影数目;利用包围盒技术避免对空体元的采样,并且通过将Bresenham算法扩展至三维确定每个重采样点所在体元的编号。实验结果表明,本提出的重采样优化算法成像速度比标准光线投射算法快2—3倍,而成像的质量与标准算法基本没有区别。本提出的算法,既能保证绘制质量,又能显减少计算量,提高体绘制的速度。     

Sunspot numbers,interplanetary magnetic field,and cosmic ray intensity at earth: Nexus for the twentieth century

The pivotal role played by the interplanetary magnetic field (B) in modulating galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity in the heliosphere is described. We show that the inverse correlation observed by Forbush (1958) between GCRs and sunspot numbers (SSNs) is reflected in high correlation between SSNs and B (cc = 0.94). The SSN data are available since 1700 and the derived B data since 1835. The paleo-cosmic ray data are available for several millennia in the form of ¹⁰Be radionuclide sequestered in polar ice. The data of the ion chambers (ICs) at the Cheltenham–Fredericksburg–Yakutsk (CFY) sites are combined to create a data string for 1937–1988. In turn, these data are used to extend the measurements of the low energy GCR ions (>0.1 GeV) at balloon altitudes at high latitudes in Russia to 1937. These data are then correlated to B and the fit parameters are used to extend the low energy ion data to 1900, creating the instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century. The derived GCR time series is compared to ¹⁰Be measured at two sites in Greenland, namely Dye 3 and NGRIP for 1900–2000 to check the internal consistency of datasets for the long-term trend. We find that the annual mean rate (%) for 1965 at NGRIP is an outlier. We replace it with the mean of 1964 and 1965 rates and construct a new re-normalized time series at NGIP, improving the agreement with the derived instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century as well. This should encourage its use by heliophysics community for varied applications.     

Sunspot activity and cosmic ray modulation at 1 a.u. for 1900–2013

The descent of sunspot cycle 23 to an unprecedented minimum of long duration in 2006–2009 led to a prolonged galactic cosmic ray (GCR) recovery to the highest level observed in the instrumental era for a variety of energetic charged particle species on Earth, over a wide range of rigidities. The remarkable GCR increase measured by several ground-based, balloon-borne, and detectors on a satellite is described and discussed. It is accompanied by a decrease in solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field at 1 a.u., reaching the lowest values since measurements of the solar wind began in October 1963; the solar polar field strength (μT) measured at the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) is also significantly reduced compared to prior cycles since the start of the program in 1976, the polar field in the northern hemisphere reversed in June 2012 and again in February 2014, that in the southern hemisphere reversed in July 2013. If updates of WSO data confirm the second reversal in northern solar hemisphere, it would pose a serious challenge to the Dynamo Theory. The long-term change in solar behavior may have begun in 1992, perhaps earlier. The physical underpinnings of these solar changes need to be understood and their effect on GCR modulation processes clarified. The study discusses the recent phenomena in the context of GCR modulation since 1900. These happenings affected our empirical predictions for the key parameters for the next two sunspot cycles (they may be progressively less active than sunspot cycle 24) but it enhanced support for our prediction that solar activity is descending into a Dalton-like grand minimum in the middle of the twentyfirst century, reducing the frequency of the coronal mass ejections; they determine the space weather affecting the quality of life on Earth, radiation dose for hardware and human activities in space as well as the frequency of large Forbush decreases at 1 a.u.     

射线跟踪法的改进及其应用

研究复杂组合体目标后向散射场问题，并对射线跟踪法的典型算法进行改进，以提高计算精度和运算速度。推导精确的积分公式，用典型体目标对改进的算法进行验证，进而计算复杂组合体目标的后向散射场。矩形截面直进气道的计算结果不仅比学者Hao Ling的计算结果更为精确，而且计算速度提高了两倍。三面角反射器的计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。最后，计算了某型航母甲板上复杂目标组合体目标的RCS，并与近似法和像素法的计算结果进行了比较分析。     

高精度法矢下切割面自适应的凸曲面射线寻迹

针对电大尺寸目标难以精确解析表达带来的一致性几何绕射算法应用难问题,提出了基于三角网格、适用于任意凸曲面的射线寻迹（TM-tracing）算法。应用工程中较易获取的三角网格及其协议,设计了一种满足快速多边搜索条件的网状数据存储链表;提出了满足寻迹要求的高精度法矢求解算法;采用切割面自适应调整的弧形拟合寻迹方法实现了爬行波寻迹算法;结合一致性几何绕射理论（UTD）实现了暗区场值求解算法。任意网格曲面射线寻迹结果表明:本文提出的寻迹算法适用于包括球、柱和锥在内的任意光滑凸曲面,寻迹偏差小于1.61%,寻迹速度为2.8 s,具有一定的工程应用价值。      

强脉冲软X光喷射冲量的几种模拟加载技术

本文综合国内外相关文献，对强脉冲软X光喷射冲量的片炸药加载、光敏炸药加载、柔爆索加载、电子束加载、磁励飞板加载及磁压力加载等几种模拟技术的研究和应用情况进行了简要的介绍，并简要分析和评述了各种模拟技术的共同点和各自的优缺点。     

受限空间中天线产生的电波覆盖研究

受限空间中的有效电波覆盖直接影响通信质量和可靠性,对天线系统的布局优化尤为重要.然而现有的研究很少考虑本来就处于隧道中的天线参数对电波覆盖的影响.针对铁路隧道这种特殊的受限空间情况首先介绍了电波覆盖的研究方法和现状,然后利用射线追踪方法、波导模式方法和矢量抛物方程方法对电波覆盖进行了预估,针对笔形方向图的特征采用高斯方向图重点研究了不同的天线主瓣宽度、波束指向以及在隧道截面的位置对电波覆盖的影响,分析了沿隧道轴向不同区域内电波覆盖的不同特征,最后研究了受限空间中电波覆盖的三段式模型.本文的方法和模型可以为隧道内的天线选型及优化布局提供理论依据和参考.      

航天员受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量计算

在近地空间(LEO)和深空探测中,航天员遭受的辐射风险主要来自于银河宇宙线(GCR)照射.银河宇宙线的辐射剂量是航天员辐射风险评价的基础.国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)于2013年提出了新的航天员空间辐射剂量估算方法,以更准确给出空间重离子辐射的剂量.基于此方法,开发了宇宙线粒子在物质中输运的蒙特卡罗程序,并在程序中实现用中国成年男性人体数字模型来仿真航天员.采用该程序计算了粒子(Z=1~92)各向同性照射航天员时器官的通量-器官剂量转换因数,并估算出航天员在近地轨道空间受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量.