建立中国企业社会责任会计的构想

本文以西方社会责任会计为引导,阐明建立我国企业社会责任会计的必要性与可能性,并对我国企业社会责任会计的核算体系、考核指标体系和监控体系提出了基本框架。     

红外测温中环境辐射影响的分析

对物体进行辐射测温时,若被测物体温度接近环境温度,则环境因素对测量结果影响较大.为了提高测量精度,依据普朗克定律通过数值计算得出红外测温中环境温度影响比率在不同物体温度、环境温度和辐射波长的值以及它们之间的关系,并在此基础上分析了若使环境辐射的影响可忽略则被测物体所满足的最低温度.最后讨论了环境辐射对比色测温的影响.     

高声压级驻极体噪声传感器的改进研究

为满足航天对170dB高声压级、1dB小频率响应平坦度噪声传感器的应用需求,采用动态范围和自由场频率响应较宽的1/4英寸驻极体传声器为声压敏感元件,用专用场效应管电路对传声器进行阻抗变换和信号放大,并对传统结构优化改进。经过测试和环境试验,传感器在135~170dB高声压级动态范围内幅值线性度达到了±0.5%以内,20Hz~8kHz频率响应平坦度达到了0.5dB。传感器通过了国家权威机构的鉴定检验,证实了这种传感器在火箭飞行试验中应用的可行性。     

柔性制造系统运行设计的自适应仿真研究

 把控制理论中的自适应控制策略应用到柔性制造系统仿真软件的开发中来,提出了自适应仿真思想用于柔性制造系统运行设计,在一定范围内解决了集成智能仿真环境中对柔性制造系统仿真结果的自动优化等问题,并对自适应仿真进行了展望。     

Direct radiative forcing from black carbon aerosols over urban environment

There is growing evidence that the earth’s climate is changing and will likely continue to change in the future. It is still debated whether these changes are due to natural variability of the climate system or a result of increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Black carbon (BC) has become the subject of interest for a variety of reasons. BC aerosol may cause environmental as well as harmful health effects in densely inhabited regions. BC is a strong absorber of radiation in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum, where most of the solar energy is distributed. Black carbon is emitted into the atmosphere as a byproduct of all combustion processes, viz., vegetation burning, industrial effluents and motor vehicle exhausts, etc. In this paper, we present results from our measurements on black carbon aerosols, total aerosol mass concentration and aerosol optical depth over an urban environment namely Hyderabad during January to May, 2003. Diurnal variations of BC indicate high BC concentrations during 6:00–9:00 and 19:00–23:00 h. Weekday variations of BC concentrations increase gradually from Monday to Wednesday and gradually decrease from Thursday to Sunday. Analysis of traffic density along with meteorological parameters suggests that the primary determinant for BC concentration levels and patterns is traffic density. Seasonal variations of BC suggest that the BC concentrations are high during dry season compared to rainy season due to the scavenging by air. The fraction of BC to total mass concentration has been observed to be 7% during January to May. BC showed positive correlation with total mass concentration and aerosol optical depth at 500 nm. Radiative transfer calculations suggests that during January to May, diurnal averaged aerosol forcing at the surface is −33 Wm² and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) above 100 km it is observed to be +9 Wm⁻². The results have been discussed in detail in the paper.     

Modeling the charging of geosynchronous and interplanetary spacecraft using Nascap-2k

Nascap-2k is the updated version of the NASCAP/GEO spacecraft charging analysis code. In addition to packaging the physical content of NASCAP/GEO in a modern way, Nascap-2k incorporates other plasma analysis codes (in particular, the DynaPAC code) in order to extend its applicability to a wide variety of plasma environments. Nascap-2k also includes an interactive Object Toolkit for defining spacecraft surface models for analysis. In this paper we focus on the tenuous plasma charging capabilities of the code, with application to DSCS-III (geosynchronous environment), STEREO (solar wind environment) and MESSENGER (solar wind environment near 0.4 AU).     

Different space weather effects in anomalies of the high and low orbital satellites

Preliminary results of the EU INTAS Project 00810, which aims to improve the methods of safeguarding satellites in the Earth’s magnetosphere from the negative effects of the space environment, are presented. Anomaly data from the “Kosmos” series satellites in the period 1971–1999 are combined in one database, together with similar information on other spacecraft. This database contains, beyond the anomaly information, various characteristics of the space weather: geomagnetic activity indices (Ap, AE and Dst), fluxes and fluences of electrons and protons at different energies, high energy cosmic ray variations and other solar, interplanetary and solar wind data. A comparative analysis of the distribution of each of these parameters relative to satellite anomalies was carried out for the total number of anomalies (about 6000 events), and separately for high (5000 events) and low (about 800 events) altitude orbit satellites. No relation was found between low and high altitude satellite anomalies. Daily numbers of satellite anomalies, averaged by a superposed epoch method around sudden storm commencements and proton event onsets for high (>1500 km) and low (<1500 km) altitude orbits revealed a big difference in a behavior. Satellites were divided on several groups according to the orbital characteristics (altitude and inclination). The relation of satellite anomalies to the environmental parameters was found to be different for various orbits that should be taken into account under developing of the anomaly frequency models.     

腐蚀环境下LC4铝合金疲劳损伤累积规律研究

 进行了在加速腐蚀当量环境作用后, LC4 铝合金在同级载荷作用下疲劳损伤累积规律的实验研究。实验结果表明, 此时的同级载荷试验类似于常规条件下的/ 低、高0 两级载荷试验, 前级载荷对腐蚀作用后的后级载荷的疲劳行为也有/ 低载锻炼效应0, 因此, 提出了考虑腐蚀环境作用的损伤累积/ 迟滞0 模型。与实验结果的比较表明损伤累积/ 迟滞0模型有较好的预测精度。     

PIB模型在空间碎片环境建模中的运用

运用“箱中粒子”模型（PIB）对空间碎片环境的演变趋势进行了研究。首先介绍了PIB半解析性的模型：在建模过程中，把空间碎片的运动视为在一巨大箱体中任意运动的粒子，有其自身输入输出机制；随后，对近地轨道碎片环境进行多层多种类碎片的划分，在此基础上将PIB模型运用于近地轨道环境中，建立多层，分类PIB模型；利用国外文献中的观测资料进行仿真，对未来空间碎片环境的演变作出了预测。     

对区域环境污染管理政策工具选择的理论再思考

和传统的污染缴费管理制度相比，排污许可权交易制度是一种比较有效的环境管理政策工具。然而，在当前的区域行政管理体制下，该制度并不是解决我国区域环境污染控制管理的最优政策选择。从严格的意义上讲，最优的环境污染控制管理政策应当是以征收污染排放税为主，而实行排污权交易则只能作为辅助手段。在任何一个税收制度或者排污权交易制度下，应当建立区域环境管理中心权威机构，以解决单个地区跨界污染问题。