Trajectory optimization of aerial slung load release for piloted helicopters

This study aims to provide the pilot with optimal control time histories for stabilization of a helicopter after releasing the slung load in aerial delivery missions. A model with 21 degrees of freedom (21-DOF) has been developed and validated for a helicopter slung load system. The control history is generated with detailed procedure based on trajectory optimization. Effects of the objective function formulation on the results are discussed and rules are obtained to assist in the objective function determination. We conclude that the pilot should first decrease and then increase the collective control and adjust the longitudinal control to stabilize the helicopter after the in-hover slung load release. The obtained control history is reasonable and helpful for safety and efficiency improvement. Effects of path constraints and the Flight Control System (FCS) are studied. More stringent path constraints will lead to longer time spent and more controls. Stronger stiffness and weaker damping from the FCS will cause milder control histories but sharper on-axis state histories.     

大型飞机气源起动装备供气流程设计与计算

为了研发具有自主知识产权的气源起动装备,立足于大型飞机较高压力、超大流量的特殊气源起动保障需求,设计了以双级无油螺杆压缩为核心技术的供气流程,对其中涉及的级间压力、散热量、除水量等关键参数进行了分析与计算,为解决超大流量气源的二次升压、风冷散热、高温除水等核心技术难题奠定了基础。     

含分层损伤复合材料层板压缩分层疲劳扩展研究

采用基于Mindlin一阶剪切理论的连续壳单元,建立了预测含分层损伤复合材料层板在压缩疲劳载荷作用下的分层扩展3D模型,分析了含穿透分层复合材料层板在压缩疲劳载荷作用下的分层扩展行为。利用累积损伤理论,对层板内出现的各种典型损伤进行相应的刚度折减,并在循环加载过程中对材料性能进行强度弱化。利用虚裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)计算分层前缘处的能量释放率,结合混合断裂判据判断分层是否扩展,进而得到压缩疲劳载荷作用下分层扩展规律。计算模型通过大型商用有限元软件和自编程序实现。通过对数值仿真结果和试验结果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性和准确性。     

Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exosphere of Mercury

It has been speculated that the composition of the exosphere is related to the composition of Mercury’s crustal materials. If this relationship is true, then inferences regarding the bulk chemistry of the planet might be made from a thorough exospheric study. The most vexing of all unsolved problems is the uncertainty in the source of each component. Historically, it has been believed that H and He come primarily from the solar wind (Goldstein, B.E., et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 86:5485–5499, 1981), Na and K come from volatilized materials partitioned between Mercury’s crust and meteoritic impactors (Hunten, D.M., et al. in Mercury, pp. 562–612, 1988; Morgan, T.H., et al. in Icarus 74:156–170, 1988; Killen, R.M., et al. in Icarus 171:1–19, 2004b). The processes that eject atoms and molecules into the exosphere of Mercury are generally considered to be thermal vaporization, photon-stimulated desorption (PSD), impact vaporization, and ion sputtering. Each of these processes has its own temporal and spatial dependence. The exosphere is strongly influenced by Mercury’s highly elliptical orbit and rapid orbital speed. As a consequence the surface undergoes large fluctuations in temperature and experiences differences of insolation with longitude. Because there is no inclination of the orbital axis, there are regions at extreme northern and southern latitudes that are never exposed to direct sunlight. These cold regions may serve as traps for exospheric constituents or for material that is brought in by exogenic sources such as comets, interplanetary dust, or solar wind, etc. The source rates are dependent not only on temperature and composition of the surface, but also on such factors as porosity, mineralogy, and space weathering. They are not independent of each other. For instance, ion impact may create crystal defects which enhance diffusion of atoms through the grain, and in turn enhance the efficiency of PSD. The impact flux and the size distribution of impactors affects regolith turnover rates (gardening) and the depth dependence of vaporization rates. Gardening serves both as a sink for material and as a source for fresh material. This is extremely important in bounding the rates of the other processes. Space weathering effects, such as the creation of needle-like structures in the regolith, will limit the ejection of atoms by such processes as PSD and ion-sputtering. Therefore, the use of laboratory rates in estimates of exospheric source rates can be helpful but also are often inaccurate if not modified appropriately. Porosity effects may reduce yields by a factor of three (Cassidy, T.A., and Johnson, R.E. in Icarus 176:499–507, 2005). The loss of all atomic species from Mercury’s exosphere other than H and He must be by non-thermal escape. The relative rates of photo-ionization, loss of photo-ions to the solar wind, entrainment of ions in the magnetosphere and direct impact of photo-ions to the surface are an area of active research. These source and loss processes will be discussed in this chapter.     

Object injection in geodesic conditions: In-flight and on-ground testing issues

In absence of forces, any object moves along the straightest possible path in space–time, called geodesic. The presence of a gravity field generates a space–time distortion that reflects on a curvature of the geodesics. Outer space yields a privileged environment to achieve high levels of geodesic purity, thanks to the absence of many non-gravitational force disturbances typical of the Earth, mainly due to the atmosphere, micro-seismic activity, stray electro-magnetic fields, etc. Many experiments in the field of Fundamental Physics, General Relativity and Earth Observation are performed through space missions, in which objects are either set in geodesic conditions or their deviation from a geodesic is measured. In both cases, stray non-gravitational forces acting on them must be reduced to a negligible level.     

复合型裂纹的能量释放率计算与断裂判据

利用当量直线裂纹扩展法研究复合型裂纹的能量释放率及相应的断裂判据。并以解析法和有限元法研究单向拉伸板的斜裂纹问题。所得相关曲线及开裂角和实验结果吻合得较好。     

非线性断裂力学的一个精确解

对含中心裂纹的无限大板在裂纹表面受均匀分布压力作用的情况,导出了几何非线性弹性断裂力学的能量释放率的一个精确表达式。分析方法的依据是采用逐步增量加载的椭圆孔洞的线弹性解和利用了椭圆孔洞表面受垂直于长轴方向的均布外力作用变形后仍是椭圆这一特点。解答与线弹性的能量释放率进行了比较。定量地证明,采用线弹性断裂力学的方法解答几何非线性断裂问题在通常的工作应力范围精度是足够的。     

动态燃烧过程参数测量原理与系统

为了满足动态燃烧试验对燃烧过程中燃烧放热量、温度、压力多参数动态测量的要求，研制了一套燃烧动态测试系统。首先从理论上分析了碳氢燃料燃烧时的化学反应过程与物理现象，采用光电传感技术，实现了对动态燃烧过程放热量的非接触式测量；其次运用动态理论详细研究了热电偶的动态特性，完善了用双丝频谱补偿法测量动态温度的方法；最后选择了合理的动态压力的测量方案。同时介绍了该系统的结构及工作特点、系统的动态联调结果等。试验表明了测试该系统具有所测参数多、工作性能稳定、动态响应快等特点，可广泛应用于动态与稳态燃烧试验研究或工业过程监控测量中     

基于火焰面波动机理的热释放模型理论推导及其模态分析

针对一个中心体稳定的燃烧室通过G方程的方法推导建立了火焰面波动与声波速度波动之间的耦合关系,并进而得到了燃烧热释放模型的数学函数.推导过程中考虑了燃烧膨胀效应对火焰面运动的影响,弥补了前人研究中忽略了燃烧膨胀效应的不足.该函数表明在几何结构和燃料成分等参数保持不变的情况下,湍流燃烧速度是影响热声振荡的关键参数,能够同时强烈的影响燃烧热释放模型的振幅和相位,当量比和入口空气温度等参数是通过改变湍流燃烧速度最终影响了热声振荡现象;而只有当燃烧火焰传播速度相对较大时,密度膨胀比才会对热释放幅值产生影响,并且会对热释放的相位产生影响,从而指出了各参数影响热声振荡的具体途径和相对大小.通过将推导的燃烧热释放波动模型与模态分析方法相结合,系统连续地分析了压力振幅增长率、固有频率和声压模态等重要的热声振荡特性参数随着当量比和入口空气温度的变化关系,从而得到了热声振荡稳定区间和非稳定的区间的云图.对理解和控制热声振荡现象具有重要的实际指导意义.      

小卫星在轨安全分离速度设计

论文针对母星在轨释放小卫星安全速度设计开展研究。在考虑母星机动变轨约束条件下,基于Hill方程推导了分离速度的解析表达式,并与考虑了多种摄动因素的数值解进行了比对,误差的量级为10-3m/s。可为在轨释放安全分离速度的确定提供一种迅速准确的解析算法。