管道相连泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的实验研究

采用管道相连容器进行了工业规模的粉尘爆炸实验,目的是研究粮食粉尘在管道相连的加工和输送工业设备中发生粉尘爆炸时火焰和爆炸压力的传播过程及粉尘的Kst值对爆炸的影响。实验装置为一个气力输送系统,由两个不同体积的容器通过管道连接构成。采用粮食工业上具有代表性的两类粉尘进行了粉尘爆炸测试,爆炸从一个容器中通过管道传播到另一个容器中并引发了随后的二次爆炸,测试了不同位置的火焰和压力信号。实验结果表明：即使在起爆容器采取了泄爆措施,管道中没有粉尘喷入的情况下,粉尘爆炸火焰也可沿管道传播达30m并引发二次爆炸;随着粉尘爆炸指数的增大,初始爆炸的猛烈程度增强,火焰传播速度加快,二次爆炸的猛烈程度也随之增强。     

火星尘埃对太阳电池阵的影响与电帘除尘研究

火星表面大量尘埃在太阳电池阵表面的累积将会导致其输出功率下降,甚至使太阳电池阵功能失效。近年来,电帘除尘方法被认为是在火星着陆任务中进行尘埃防护最有效的手段之一。本文开展了火星尘埃累积对三结砷化镓太阳电池性能影响的实验研究,得到了火星尘埃累积量与太阳电池电压、电流和相对输出功率数值模型;通过除尘技术分析,确定电帘除尘装置构型;依据制备得到的除尘电帘,对不同火星尘埃累积下电帘的除尘效率进行了研究,为火星着陆太阳电池阵遥测数据分析和开发自适应除尘太阳电池阵提供有力的技术支持。     

一种面向二维观测模型的压缩感知重构算法

针对目前二维信号压缩感知重构时,常采用的一维化手段效率低、重构性能有待提高等缺陷,基于二维观测模型,提出一种新的压缩感知重构方法,并证明了其有效性。算法通过两个独立感知矩阵对二维信号的行列同时进行压缩感知,并考察信号的整体重构,缓解了传统算法引入的重构人为效应以及问题规模扩张带来的重构压力。理论分析和实验表明,新算法成功重构概率、重构信噪比等性能优于现有典型二维信号重构方法,且其运算复杂度较之一维化方法有所降低。     

全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜压缩空气除湿性能研究

利用全氟磺酸树脂制备了中空纤维膜,研究了其在真空模式和反吹模式下的压缩空气除湿性能。结果表明,全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜在两种工作模式下都具有良好的除湿性能,工作压力、进气流量、反吹比例、真空度会影响除湿性能。在工作压力0.4MPa、进气流量1L/min真空度5kPa时,产气露点可以达到-39.4℃。     

航空发动机砂尘吸入物静电监测仿真实验

提出了航空发动机砂尘吸入物静电监测的仿真实验方法,实验以软件ANSYS电磁场分析模块建立有限元模型为基础,模拟不同粒径、荷质比、运动速度及质量浓度情况下砂尘吸入物的静电感应信号,并分别从时域与频域对感应电荷与电压信号进行分析,研究砂尘吸入物的粒径及其他宏观参数与静电监测信号之间的关系,建立用以表征砂尘颗粒粒径大小的特征指标。基于IDMS(进气监测系统)感应电压信号功率谱密度分布建立了特征向量,并以其曼哈顿距离与欧氏距离作为特征指标表征砂尘颗粒粒径大小。经仿真实验验证:特征指标与砂尘粒径呈正相关,且不受砂尘吸入物运动速度及荷质比变化的影响,但受砂尘吸入物质量浓度影响。进一步研究将利用质量浓度对特征指标进行修正,并开展验证实验。      

The MAGO experiment for dust environment monitoring on the Martian surface

Among the main directions identified for future Martian exploration, the study of the properties of dust dispersed in the atmosphere, its cycle and the impact on climate are considered of primary relevance. Dust storms, dust devils and the dust “cycle” have been identified and studied by past remote and in situ experiments, but little quantitative information is available on these processes, so far. The airborne dust contributes to the determination of the dynamic and thermodynamic evolution of the atmosphere, including the large-scale circulation processes and its impact on the climate of Mars. Moreover, aeolian erosion, redistribution of dust on the surface and weathering processes are mostly known only qualitatively. In order to improve our knowledge of the airborne dust evolution and other atmospheric processes, it is mandatory to measure the amount, mass-size distribution and dynamical properties of solid particles in the Martian atmosphere as a function of time. In this context, there is clearly a need for the implementation of experiments dedicated to study directly atmospheric dust. The Martian atmospheric grain observer (MAGO) experiment is aimed at providing direct quantitative measurements of mass and size distributions of dust particles, a goal that has never been fully achieved so far. The instrument design combines three types of sensors to monitor in situ the dust mass flux (micro balance system, MBS) and single grain properties (grain detection system, GDS + impact sensor, IS). Technical solutions and science capabilities are discussed in this paper.     

月球受光面上月尘静电浮扬特性分析

基于单粒子轨道理论及空间尘埃等离子体充电方程,建立了月球受光面上尘埃微粒的静态荷电模型.基于光电子能量Maxiwellian分布假设,确定了月面垂直空间电场强度和光电子鞘层内带电粒子密度的函数表达式.利用牛顿运动定律和静电场力表达式,构建了月球受光面上尘埃微粒的静电浮扬动力学模型,并进行月尘静态浮扬特性的数值计算.研究结果显示:太阳高度角与颗粒粒径是控制月尘静电浮扬发生及动力学特性的两个基本参量;月尘静电浮扬发生在月球的黎明和黄昏;随着粒径的减少,月尘颗粒的最大浮扬高度不断增加.     

全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜压缩空气除湿性能研究

利用全氟磺酸树脂制备了中空纤维膜,研究了其在真空模式和反吹模式下的压缩空气除湿性能。结果表明,全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜在两种工作模式下都具有良好的除湿性能,工作压力、进气流量、反吹比例、真空度会影响除湿性能。在工作压力0.4MPa、进气流量1L/min真空度5kPa时,产气露点可以达到-39.4℃。     

Metallic and Oxidized Aluminum Debris Impacting the Trailing Edge of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)

A total of 87 microcraters >30 m in diameter that were found in gold substrates exposed on the trailing edge of the non-spinning Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) yielded analyzable projectile residues in their interiors. Using qualitative SEM-EDS analysis methods, some 60 of these craters were formed by natural cosmic-dust particles, while 27 residues (31%) were assigned to orbital debris (Hörz et al., 1993). The far majority of the orbital-debris impacts, 24 (89%) of the 27 events, contained only aluminum in their X-ray spectra. The present study evaluates these aluminum-rich residues in detail and employs a windowless X-ray detector, which permits for the analysis of low-Z elements and specifically of oxygen. This makes it possible to discriminate between oxidized (Al₂O₃) and metallic (Al) projectiles from dramatically different sources, the former produced during solid-fuel rocket firings, the latter resulting from explosively or collisionally disrupted spacecraft.Of the 24 craters analyzed with the windowless detector, 13 (54%) contained Al₂O₃ and 11 (46%) yielded structurally disintegrated Al metal. The oxidized residues preferentially occur in the smaller craters, all <60 m in diameter. Corresponding particles on LDEF's trailing edge are <35 m in diameter. Some 70% of this particle population is composed of Al₂O₃. Although solid-fuel rocket exhaust products are typically <5 m in size, they tend to coagulate into crusts at the rocket nozzle to be shed occasionally as relatively large, aggregate particles. Structurally disintegrated, metallic fragments compose one-third of all particles <35 m, but they dominate all particles >35 m, and thus all craters >60 m. These findings clearly establish that solid-rocket exhaust particles, as well as explosively or collisionally produced debris, exist in low-inclination, high-eccentricity orbits in sufficient quantities that they must be accounted for in models describing the present and future orbital-debris population at typical Shuttle and Space Station altitudes.     

基于压缩感知的整体叶盘多模态振动叶尖定时信号重构方法

叶尖定时测量技术是近年来发展的一种非接触式旋转叶片振动监测方法,具有非入侵性的优点,但是该系统测得的振动信号通常是欠采样的。为了能够重构叶尖定时欠采样信号,本文根据压缩感知理论以及叶尖定时采样原理引入了叶尖同步振动信号稀疏模型以及叶尖振动信号重构方法。对整体叶盘有限元模型进行瞬态分析得到叶尖振动信号,使用优化的正交匹配追踪算法以及基追踪对欠采样信号进行重构并和传统方法进行对比。计算结果表明：在信噪比为30dB的噪声环境下,限制频域的正交匹配追踪算法(OMP-RFD)可以准确地识别出叶尖振动信号的主要频率成分。最后使用试验所获得的叶尖振动信号进行重构,验证了OMP-RFD算法有效性。综上可知：压缩感知方法可以很好地应用于叶尖定时测量装置中,能够使用较少传感器识别叶尖同步振动欠采样信号参数,有效提高噪声环境下识别高阶频率的成功率以及准确度。