模拟月尘制备及其物理和力学性质研究

在地球上进行的大量与月尘力学性质和机械性质相关的试验研究中,通常采用模拟月尘代替真实月尘。本研究制备了一种适用于月球探测工程试验的模拟月尘,制备工序依次为原材料选取、颗粒粗加工、颗粒精加工、颗粒级配、颗粒混合及预处理。该模拟月尘的颗粒粒径分布、颗粒相对密度、干密度、孔隙比、内聚力和内摩擦角等物理和力学性能参数经分析与国外典型模拟月尘相关参数相近,证明其可应用于月球探测工程试验。     

Laboratory calibration measurements of a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate cosmic dust detector at low velocities

A cosmic dust monitor for use onboard a spacecraft is currently being developed using a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate element (PZT). Its characteristics of the PZT sensor is studied by ground-based laboratory impact experiments using hypervelocity particles supplied by a Van de Graaff accelerator. The output signals obtained from the sensor just after the impact appeared to have a waveform that was explicitly related to the particle’s impact velocity. For velocities less than ∼6 km/s, the signal showed an oscillation pattern and the amplitude was proportional to the momentum of the impacting particle. For higher velocities, the signal gradually changed to a single waveform. The rise time of this single waveform was proportional to the particle’s velocity for velocities above ∼6 km/s. The present paper reports on results for the low velocity case and especially discusses the effect of an outer coating of the sensor with a paint, which is used to reduce heating by solar radiation.     

Instrument study of the Lunar Dust eXplorer (LDX) for a lunar lander mission

One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm². Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm.     

砂尘环境试验风洞压力特性及控制策略

砂尘环境试验风洞的压力调节方式不同于常规回流式风洞,为了研究风洞中压力变化的动态特性,进行合理分析与简化后,应用集总参数法建立起风洞压力控制点、试验段及加砂段压力变化的动态特性模型,给出了相应的控制策略.通过仿真试验得出不同扰动因素对压力分布的影响规律,在此基础上对砂尘环境试验风洞的压力控制系统进行了仿真研究.能够有效优化风洞结构、提高承压能力及确定各部件控制精度.     

Multi-coset angular sampling-based compressed sensing of blade tip-timing vibration signals under variable speeds

Blade Tip-Timing (BTT) has been regarded as a promising way of on-line blade vibration monitoring. But blind multi-band BTT vibration reconstruction is a big challenge under variable speeds and under-sampling. In order to deal with it, a novel Compressed Sensing (CS) method is proposed based on Multi-Coset Angular Sampling (MCAS) in this paper. First, multi-coset sampling scheme of BTT vibration signals is presented. Then the CS model of BTT vibration signals is derived in order domain. A sufficient condition of the number of BTT sensors is derived for perfect reconstruction and optimal placement of BTT sensors is determined by minimizing the condition number. In the end, numerical simulations are done to validate the proposed method and the performances of four reconstruction algorithms are compared, i.e., Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), Basis Pursuit Denoising (BPDN) and Modified Focal Underdetermined System Solver (MFOCUSS). Influences of the sensor placement, the number of BTT sensors and measurement noises on the reconstruction performances are also testified. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible and the overall performance of the BPDN algorithm is the best among the four algorithms. Also the reconstruction performance decreases with the accelerations of rotating speed.     

月尘对太阳电池的遮挡效应研究

月尘的沉积对月面探测器太阳电池系统是一种严重的威胁。为了对月尘沉积所引起的太阳电池性能衰减进行预估,文章建立了一种月尘遮挡模型,可用于月尘遮挡效应的研究,并可作为月球探测器防尘设计的参考工具。     

火星尘埃与探测

火星表面尘埃与太阳辐射、热辐射的相互作用直接影响火星大气的结构、热平衡和动力学过程,并会产生改变火星表面反照率和火星地貌的长期效应.火星尘埃环境还对登陆于火星表面的着陆器能源系统和光学载荷等系统构成影响.为此需开展火星大气尘埃的直接就位探测.在介绍了火星的尘埃特性与主要探测方法基础上,提出了采用微质量计技术开展火星表面尘埃就位探测的综合探测器方案.探测器包含3种传感器.尘埃累积传感器通过设置其敏感晶体表面朝上,可以探测火星表面尘埃的沉积质量与速率;荷电尘埃传感器通过加置不同极性的偏置电压,可以探测荷正电尘埃和荷负电尘埃的累积特性;磁尘传感器通过在敏感晶体后加设小型永久磁铁,可以探测磁性尘埃的累积特性.传感器感测质量范围为10^-11~10^-4g.火星尘埃综合探测器可应用于未来的火星着陆探测计划.     

月尘/月壤环境效应地面模拟方法研究

月壤/月尘会附着并污染航天器、月球车的表面,如果不及时清除,还会进一步诱发部件过热、机械机构卡死、密封失效、材料磨损等一系列问题.本文综述了关于月尘特性、月尘与航天器系统的互相作用机理、月尘环境模拟方法等方面的研究成果,提出了一种小型月尘环境模拟系统的设计方案.该系统将使关于月尘特性的实验研究成为可能,并可作为登月飞船及月球车材料选择、机械机构可靠性试验、除尘策略试验的平台.      

太阳电池月尘遮蔽模型分析及试验研究

扬起的月尘颗粒沉积在月球探测器的太阳电池表面,可导致其性能下降。文章基于层叠遮挡理论,建立了一种月尘遮蔽光线透射的理论模型,利用该模型开展了模拟月尘颗粒形状与粒径对遮蔽效果影响的分析和计算,并与NASA的同类模型进行了对比分析。分析结果显示:2种模型给出的相对透过率随沉积月尘面密度的变化趋势相同,均呈指数型衰减关系;在随月尘形状、粒径、透过率的变化方面,2种模型存在差异。利用月尘沉积与吸附试验装置实施了模拟月尘沉积试验,验证了所建立模型的正确性,其预测准确度优于NASA模型。     

聚碳硅烷粉尘火灾爆炸特性参数测试及安全性分析

为确保聚碳硅烷粉尘作业安全,避免发生火灾爆炸事故,本文按照相应国家测试标准,采用标准测试仪器,对聚碳硅烷粉尘的最小点火能、最低着火温度、爆炸下限浓度3个火灾爆炸特性参数进行了测试。结果表明:聚碳硅烷粉尘最小点火能1. 5 mJEmin2 mJ,最低着火温度MIT=320℃,爆炸下限浓度12 g/m3Cmin13 g/m3。结合常见涉爆粉尘火灾爆炸特性参数范围比对分析,结果表明:聚碳硅烷粉尘最低着火温度和最小点火能均较低、爆炸下限浓度也小,说明该粉尘极易被引爆,安全风险较高。