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121.
The combination of recent observational and theoretical work has completed the catalog of the sources of heliospheric Pickup
Ions (PUIs). These PUIs are the seed population for Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs), which are accelerated to high energies at
or beyond the Termination Shock (TS). For elements with high First Ionization Potentials (high-FIP atoms: e.g., H, He, Ne,
etc.), the dominant source of PUIs and ACRs is from neutral atoms that drift into the heliosphere from the Local Interstellar
Medium (LISM) and, prior to ionization, are influenced primarily by solar gravitation and radiation pressure (for H). After
ionization, these interstellar ions are pickup up by the solar wind, swept out, and are either accelerated near the TS or
beyond it. Elements with low first ionization potentials (low-FIP atoms: e.g., C, Si, Mg, Fe, etc.) are also observed as PUIs
by Ulysses and as ACRs by Wind and Voyager. But the low-FIP composition of this additional component reveals a very different
origin. Low-FIP interstellar atoms are predominantly ionized in the LISM and therefore excluded from the heliosphere by the
solar wind. Remarkably, a low-FIP component of PUIs was hypothesized by Banks (J. Geophys. Res. 76, 4341, 1971) over twenty years prior to its direct detection by Ulysses/SWICS (Geiss et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100(23), 373, 1995) The leading concept for the generation of Inner Source PUIs involves an effective recycling of solar wind on grains near
the Sun, as originally suggested by Banks. Voyager and Wind also observe low-FIP ACRs, and a grain-related source appears
likely and necessary. Two concepts have been proposed to explain these low-FIP ACRs: the first concept involves the acceleration
of the Inner Source of PUIs, and the second involves a so-called Outer Source of PUIs generated from solar wind interaction
with the large population of grains in the Kuiper Belt. We review here the observational and theoretical work over the last
decade that shows how solar wind and heliospheric grains interact to produce pickup ions, and, in turn, anomalous cosmic rays.
The inner and outer sources of pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays exemplify dusty plasma interactions that are fundamental
throughout the cosmos for the production of energetic particles and the formation of stellar systems. 相似文献
122.
Maren Rehders Bianka B. Grosshäuser Anita Smarandache Annapurna Sadhukhan Ursula Mirastschijski Jürgen Kempf Matthias Dünne Klaus Slenzka Klaudia Brix 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants. 相似文献
123.
Nima Afshar-Mohajer Brian Damit Chang-Yu Wu Nicoleta Sorloaica-Hickman 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Lunar grains accumulate charges due to solar-based ionizing radiations, and the repelling action of like-charged particles causes the levitation of lunar dust. The lunar dust deposit on sensitive and costly surfaces of investigative equipment is a serious concern in lunar explorations. Inspired by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), the Electrostatic Lunar Dust Collector (ELDC) was proposed for collecting already charged lunar dust particles to prevent the lunar dust threat. As the conditions for terrestrial counterparts are not valid in the lunar environment, equations developed for terrestrial devices yield incorrect predictions in lunar application. Hence, a mathematical model was developed for the ELDC operating in vacuum to determine its collection efficiency. The ratios of electrical energy over potential energy, kinetic energy over potential energy and the ratio of ELDC dimensions were identified to be the key dimensionless parameters. Sensitivity analyses of the relevant parameters showed that depending on ELDC orientation, smaller particles would be collected more easily at vertical orientation, whereas larger particles were easier to collect in a horizontal ELDC configuration. In the worst case scenario, the electrostatic field needed to be 10 times stronger in the vertical mode in order to adequately collect larger particles. The collection efficiency was very sensitive to surface potential of lunar dust and it reached the maximum when surface potential was between 30 and 120 V. 相似文献
124.
赵文静 《沈阳航空工业学院学报》2002,19(1):61-63
本文首先在论述大型水泥企业除尘技术经验的基础上,介绍了几种新型除尘技术和设备,最后介绍了国内外先进的电除尘技术。 相似文献
125.
T. Miyachi M. Fujii N. Hasebe G. Kuraza K. Mori O. Okudaira N. Yamashita S. Sasaki T. Iwai K. Nogami H. Matsumoto H. Ohashi H. Shibata S. Minami S. Takechi T. Onishi E. Grün R. Srama N. Okada 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(7):1147-1151
The detector characteristics of a pentagonal element were studied by colliding it with hypervelocity micro-particles. A charge-sensitive amplifier was developed for the element of its capacitance ∼10 nF. The output amplitudes were expressed as a linear function of the momentum at collision. Empirical formulas obtained from on-ground experiments could be used for the calibration of the detector. The pentagonal element was potential to measure the momentum during collision from the output amplitude. A set of electrodes on the surface was used to confirm the measurement of the coordinates at collision. A possible application of this pentagonal element on a real-time dust detector was discussed. 相似文献
126.
航天器在轨服役期间会遭受到大量的微陨石及空间微小碎片撞击作用。这些微陨石和空间微小碎片可能吸附在航天器光学玻璃表面,也可能与光学玻璃表面碰撞产生陷坑等缺陷。文章采用爆炸式粉尘加速器加速微米级铝粉末撞击K8光学玻璃,在玻璃表面产生大量碰撞陷坑形成砂蚀磨损现象,利用CΦ-46型分光计测量光学玻璃的透过率。结果表明,光学玻璃磨损区域的透过率明显下降。透过率下降程度与陷坑数量成比例。通过对单个陷坑的计算,当陷坑深度大于或等于一个粒子直径时,光线衰减程度达到最大。 相似文献
127.
G.J. Flynn S.R. Sutton A. Lanzirotti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
NASA’s Stardust mission collected dust from the coma of Comet Wild-2 on January 2nd, 2004, by direct capture into aerogel cells that flew through the dust coma at ∼6 km/s. Stardust collected several hundred comet particles >10 μm in size. These comet samples were delivered to Earth on January 15th, 2006. We developed a facility at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY, USA) for the in-situ characterization of ∼10 μm particles collected in aerogel. These analytical instruments allow us to perform extensive chemical, mineralogical, and size-frequency characterization of particles captured in aerogel. These analyses are conducted without any invasive extraction, minimizing the possibility of contamination or particle loss during preparation. This facility was used to determine the chemical composition, the oxidation state, the mineralogy and to provide an indication of the grain size of the Wild-2 particles before they were removed from the aerogel. This information provides a catalog of particle types, allowing a more reasoned allocation of the particles to subsequent investigators based on a relatively detailed knowledge of the chemical composition and mineralogy of each particle. These measurements allowed a comparison of the chemical and mineralogical properties of the Wild-2 particles with other types of extraterrestrial materials, including interplanetary dust particles and meteorites. The success of in-situ analysis for Wild 2 particles demonstrates that synchrotron-based facilities will be important for the analysis of particles collected in aerogel on future earth-orbiting satellites and spacecraft. 相似文献
128.
M. Giard E. Pointecouteau L. Montier E. Simmat 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,44(9):1047-1050
We have statistically investigated the infrared luminosity of clusters of galaxies in comparison with the known tracers of the cluster mass like the X-ray luminosity and the cluster richness (e.g. the number of member galaxies). Our results show that there is a clear positive correlation of the infrared luminosity with the cluster mass. Quantitatively speaking, the infrared luminosity is on average 20 times higher than the X-ray luminosity. Moreover, the infrared luminosity increases with the redshift. This probably shows that a major part of this infrared luminosity is due to star formation in the member galaxies. Another possible contribution would be the thermal emission from dust particles in the diffuse intracluster medium. However our method does not allow us to infer conclusions about this second hypothesis. Depending on their size and abundance, such particles would contribute to the infrared luminosity of galaxy cluster and have an impact on the cooling function of the baryons and thus on the formation of the large scale structures. This is an important cosmological question which still remains open. 相似文献
129.
130.