Formation and Composition of Planetesimals

The composition of planetesimals depends upon the epoch and the location of their formation in the solar nebula. Meteorites produced in the hot inner nebula contain refractory compounds. Volatiles were present in icy planetesimals and cometesimals produced in the cold outer nebula. However, the mechanism responsible for their trapping is still controversial. We argue for a general scenario valid in all regions of the turbulent nebula where water condensed as a crystalline ice (Hersant et al., 2004). Volatiles were trapped in the form of clathrate hydrates in the continuously cooling nebula. The epoch of clathration of a given species depends upon the temperature and the pressure required for the stability of the clathrate hydrate. The efficiency of the mechanism depends upon the local amount of ice available. This scenario is the only one so far which proposes a quantitative interpretation of the non detection of N₂ in several comets of the Oort cloud (Iro et al., 2003). It may explain the large variation of the CO abundance observed in comets and predicts an Ar/O ratio much less than the upper limit of 0.1 times the solar ratio estimated on C/2001 A2 (Weaver et al., 2002). Under the assumption that the amount of water ice present at 5 AU was higher than the value corresponding to the solar O/H ratio by a factor 2.2 at least, the clathration scenario reproduces the quasi uniform enrichment with respect to solar of the Ar, Kr, Xe, C, N and S elements measured in Jupiter by the Galileo probe. The interpretation of the non-uniform enrichment in C, N and S in Saturn requires that ice was less abundant at 10 AU than at 5 AU so that CO and N₂ were not clathrated in the feeding zone of the planet while CH₄, NH₃ and H₂S were. As a result, the 14N/15N ratio in Saturn should be intermediate between that in Jupiter and the terrestrial ratio. Ar and Kr should be solar while Xe should be enriched by a factor 17. The enrichments in C, N and S in Uranus and Neptune suggest that available ice was able to form clathrates of CH₄, CO and the NH₃ hydrate, but not the clathrate of N₂. The enrichment of oxygen by a factor 440 in Neptune inferred by Lodders and Fegley (1994) from the detection of CO in the troposphere of the planet is higher by at least a factor 2.5 than the lower limit of O/H required for the clathration of CO and CH4 and for the hydration of NH₃. If CO detected by Encrenaz et al. (2004) in Uranus originates from the interior of the planet, the O/H ratio in the envelope must be around of order of 260 times the solar ratio, then also consistent with the trapping of detected volatiles by clathration. It is predicted that Ar and Kr are solar in the two planets while Xe would be enriched by a factor 30 to 70. Observational tests of the validity of the clathration scenario are proposed.     

原位钛基复合材料中TiB的生成热力学及动力学

采用自蔓延高温合成（SHS）、感应熔炼和熔模精铸相结合的方法，利用Ti—B—Al体系制备出了原位自生TiB增强的钛基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM和TEM分析了复合材料的物相和增强体的形态。结果表明：在复合材料中只存在TiB增强体和Ti，无TiAl3杂质相形成，TiB增强体呈柱状短纤维，这与其B27晶体结构有关，且增强体／基体界面清洁无杂质污染，并从热力学和动力学两方面论述了在Ti—B—Al体系中制备TiB增强体的生成机制：在Ti-B—Al体系中，Al首先受热熔化使得Ti和B相继溶解于Al液中；Ti与Al之间先行发生化学反应形成Ti—Al金属间化合物，放出的热量进一步引发了溶解于液相中的B和Ti产生高温自蔓延形成Ti—B化合物。以热力学理论分析，应最终形成TiB2，但实际上由于动力学影响，最终形成了TiB。     

航空燃气涡轮发动机燃烧室的NOx控制及预测

:概述了燃气涡轮发动机中NOx的生成机理以及影响因素,简要综述了当前国内外航空燃气涡轮发动机燃烧室NOx发散量的控制措施以及预测方法。介绍了几个预测NOx发散量的数值模型,并对其预测结果进行了分析。     

Decentralized attitude synchronization tracking control for multiple spacecraft under directed communication topology

This paper studies the attitude synchronization tracking control of spacecraft formation flying with a directed communication topology and presents three different controllers. By introducing a novel error variable associated with rotation matrix, a decentralized attitude synchronization controller, which could obtain almost global asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system, is developed. Then, considering model uncertainties and unknown external disturbances, we propose a robust adaptive attitude synchronization controller by designing adaptive laws to estimate the unknown parameters. After that, the third controller is proposed by extending this method to the case of time-varying communication delays via Lyapunov–Krasovskii analysis. The distinctive feature of this work is to address attitude coordinated control with model uncertainties, unknown disturbances and time-varying delays in a decentralized framework, with a strongly connected directed information flow. It is shown that tracking and synchronization of an arbitrary desired attitude can be achieved when the stability condition is satisfied. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.     

基于LAS码的星群多目标测控技术研究

针对星群多目标同时测控问题,基于星群轨道根数的时延特性和多普勒频移特性分析可得,星群多目标测控的上行链路遥控与测距信号可实现S CDMA（Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access,同步码分多址）,由于星间距离较小,下行链路遥测与测距信号满足QS CDMA（Quasi synchronous code division multiple access,准同步码分多址）.上行链路遥控和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA（Pulse Code Modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying Code Division Multiple Access,脉冲编码调制二进制相移键控码分多址）,上行链路信号采用Gold序列扩频;下行链路遥测和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA,根据总的时延差,提出下行链路采用基于等长脉冲间隔法构造的LAS（Large Area Synchronous,大区域同步）码扩频.结果表明：比特信噪比Eb/N0为10.5 dB时,遥控误码率为1＆#215;10 6;Eb/N0为9.6 dB时,遥测误码率为1×10^5——与达到相同误码性能的Gold序列相比有1 dB改善,因此,LAS码相比于Gold码能够获得更好的误码性能.     

FeAlCrBSiNb非晶涂层形成机理和摩擦磨损行为

研发了一种FeAlCrBSiNb粉芯丝材,采用高速电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备相应涂层.通过SEM,TEM和XRD表征涂层微观组织和相成分,阐述FeAlCrBSiNb非晶涂层的形成机理,利用显微硬度计,万能拉伸试验机和环-块式摩擦磨损试验机,分析涂层力学性能和摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:涂层主要由非晶相和弥散分布其中的α-(Fe),(Fe,Cr),CrB和Fe3Al微晶纳米晶相组成,非晶相体积含量大于91.3％;涂层呈层状结构,结构致密,总体孔隙率约为2％;平均显微硬度值为850 HV0.1,是基体45钢的4倍;优良的磨损抗力使其相对耐磨性是45钢的5倍,其磨损机制主要为剥落引起的剥落磨损.     

双星编队对空间非合作目标的仅测角跟踪方法

针对单星仅测角对目标跟踪误差较大和不良测量条件下跟踪精度下降的问题,提出利用编队卫星对非合作目标进行联合跟踪的方法。采用考虑地球非球形J2引力摄动的轨道动力学模型,建立多视线测量模型,融合编队卫星对目标的观测数据。然后,基于新息设计增益调节矩阵提高滤波器在测量故障条件下的鲁棒性。最后,建立仿真模型进行验证。仿真结果表明,相比单星跟踪,该方法的位置误差和速度误差分别减少了27.06%和26.96%。在系统存在异常量测时,相比常规滤波,该方法也具有更高的精确性和更好的鲁棒性。     

空中加受油安全对接控制验证要素分析

空中加受油是一个复杂的系统工程,影响因素与加油机、受油机都密切相关,由于大型加油机(软式) 上单翼、大翼展、高垂尾和大型起落架整流包的特殊布局使得空中编队加受油对接过程中,加油机、软管锥套与 受油机之间相互的气动干扰变得十分复杂。通过分析国内外大型加油机、先进受油机的主要特点,总结空中加 受油对接过程中加油机、受油机之间会产生的气动干扰,研究空中加受油编队典型体系及空中加受油编队程 序,提出可能对空中加受油安全对接控制产生影响的验证要素,并对这些影响要素展开分析。安全对接控制验 证要素的分析可以为后续确定软式空中加受油安全对接流程提供理论指导,为空中加受油对接速度的选取提 供依据。     

基于自适应方法的多无人机编队队形控制

针对"长机-僚机"近距编队队形因风场扰动而不能保持期望队形的问题,首先,提出了一种自适应队形保持控制的方法,该方法可用于抵消因风场不确定性对无人机的横侧向和前行方向所产生的距离误差,同时能够保持无人机编队稳定飞行。其次,由于风场的不确定性会引起"长机-僚机"之间的动力学发生变化,因此设计了一种基于"长机-僚机"相对运动模型的自适应控制律用以估计风场在3个方向的大小,进而控制无人机之间的相对运动以消除风场不确定性所产生的距离误差并保持速度的一致性,最终实现保持期望的队形。再次,通过构建合理的李雅普诺夫函数,证明无人机编队在风场干扰下能够保持编队稳定飞行,同时"长机-僚机"之间相对横向、横侧向以及纵向的距离误差均接近零。最后,通过仿真验证：所提出的自适应控制方法具有良好的鲁棒性,这为工程实践提供理论依据。     

空战中机群编队分层优化算法

针对机群编队优化计算复杂的问题,提出了一种分层优化算法。根据敌我双方的距离、角度、速度以及飞机导弹、雷达的性能,建立了多机协同任务分配模型。根据空战中常用的基本飞机队形,对敌方机群编队进行分层,对每层分别计算己方对选取各种基本队形时的任务分配结果和队形优化优势值,通过比较得到己方机群编队的每层最优队形,当得到己方每层的最优队形之后,将己方每层最优队形进行组合解码就可得到己方机群编队的最优队形。仿真结果表明该方法能有效地解决机群编队队形优化问题,并且该算法具有较好的实时性。