激波与固体颗粒群相互作用实验研究

为了研究FAE武器、温压武器中燃料抛撒问题,在垂直激波管里进行了气-固两相流的实验研究。主要研究激波（Ma=1．96）与3种不同堆密度的石英砂颗粒群相互作用,用高速摄影仪对颗粒在抛撒过程进行图像捕捉,得到颗粒在抛撒阶段的速度。研究颗粒群在超声速气流下的运动规律以及激波对颗粒群加速的影响规律,分析激波通过颗粒群时气-固两相流中的动力学过程。定量分析颗粒堆密度对激波的影响,得出了固体颗粒群受到激波作用后抛撒过程中纵向和横向颗粒云团体积增加,颗粒云团平均浓度减少;颗粒群的堆密度与颗粒粒径、抛撒初速度、反射激波的强度都成反相关关系。     

On the universality of asymptotic limits in the theory of field line diffusion and perpendicular transport of energetic particles

We discuss the random walk of magnetic field lines in astrophysical plasmas. Based on the standard theory of field line diffusion we show that there are two asymptotic limits. In these limits field line wandering is universal because in both regimes the field line diffusion coefficient depends only on fundamental length scales and absolute magnetic field strengths. As examples we discuss the field line diffusion coefficient for different prominent turbulence models namely the slab model, the two-dimensional model, and the Goldreich–Sridhar model. We show that the field line diffusion coefficient for the latter model agrees with the results obtained for slab and two-dimensional turbulence in limiting cases. We also discuss the transport of energetic particles perpendicular with respect to the mean magnetic field. Based on the unified nonlinear transport theory we consider again asymptotic limits. It is shown that one can identify four different regimes in which the transport is again universal. In all four cases perpendicular transport only depends on fundamental length scales of turbulence, magnetic field values, and the parallel diffusion coefficient.     

用PDA测量两相湍流流场时固体粒子的选择

激光法测量两相流是近年来开发的一项新技术，测量过程中需要存在合适的粒子。本文研究了用三维粒子动态分析仪（ＰＤＡ）测量气固两相湍流流场时固体粒子的选择问题。试验过程中，运用几种不同的粒子作为煤粉粒子的模拟粒子进行测量和比较，结果表明：（１）粒子的特性参数是影响测量精度的重要因素之一；（２）测最气固两相湍流流场中粒子的运动特征时，应尽可能选择形状较规则、折射率大、尺寸分布合理、不易粘结且易于收集同时接近所要模拟的粒子性能的固体粒子，必要的时侯应结合粒子性能对测量结果进行修正．     

PDPA技术在圆管射流测量中的应用

采用激光相位多普勒技术（ＰＤＰＡ）和传统热线对圆管射流进行试验研究,试验结果表明：ＰＤＰＡ技术具有精度高、动态响应快、不干扰流场等特点;自由剪切湍流的扩展率ｄｙｃ／ｄｘ＝０．０８０１,完全自模拟特性区在ｘ／Ｄ＞８。     

稀土对电沉积镍基复合镀层高温抗氧化性的影响

研究了稀土加入三种电沉积镍基复合镀层Ni—B_4C、Ni—TiC、Ni—ZrO_2前后,在850℃时的氧化行为。通过金相观察、ESCA(光电子能谱)分析及X射线衍射等方法研究表明:镀层中不同的复合颗粒和稀土两者对镀层的抗氧化能力均有影响。其小不同种类的颗粒对镀层抗氧化能力所产生影响的差别很明显;而稀土对镀层抗氧化能力影响的差别较小,且影响的程度比较接近。另外,两者影响的机理也不同。颗粒是通过分解、扩散等过程改变表面膜的组成来影响的,而稀土则是从提高膜的致密度和膜与基体的粘附性来影响的。作者认为,它们的影响既互相独立,而又互相补充。     

粒子流量可调的喷管烧蚀试验方法

发展了一种保持燃气参数不变的情况下能实现粒子流量可调的喷管烧蚀试验方法,并研制了试验装置。该试验方法是将两相流燃气中的一部分粒子收集起来,以减少流经喷管的粒子流量,通过改变收集孔和收敛角的大小来调节粒子流量。采用该方法开展了变粒子流量的喷管烧蚀试验,试验结果验证了该方法是有效的,试验条件下喷管喉部平均线烧蚀率随粒子流量减小而降低。     

Cluster observations showing the indication of the formation of a modified-two-stream instability in the geomagnetic tail

This study presents several observations of the Cluster spacecraft on September 24, 2003 around 15:10 UT, which show necessary prerequisites and consequences for the formation of the so-called modified-two-stream instability (MTSI). Theoretical studies suggest that the plasma is MTSI unstable if (1) a relative drift of electrons and ions is present, which exceeds the Alfvèn speed, and (2) this relative drift or current is in the cross-field direction. As consequences of the formation of a MTSI one expects to observe (1) a field-aligned electron beam, (2) heating of the plasma, and (3) an enhancement in the B-wave spectrum at frequencies in the range of the lower-hybrid-frequency (LHF). In this study we use prime parameter data of the CIS and PEACE instruments onboard the Cluster spacecraft to verify the drift velocities of ions and electrons, FGM data to calculate the expected LHF and Alfvèn velocity, and the direction of the current. The B-wave spectrum is recorded by the STAFF instrument of Cluster. Finally, a field aligned beam of electrons is observed by 3D measurements of the IES instrument of the RAPID unit. Observations are verified using a theoretical model showing the build-up of a MTSI under the given circumstances.     

Are small-scale field-aligned currents and magnetosheath-like particle precipitation signatures of the same low-altitude cusp?

We examined some 75 observations from the low-altitude Earth orbiting DMSP, Ørsted and CHAMP satellites which were taken in the region of the nominal cusp. Our objective was to determine whether the actually observed cusp locations as inferred from magnetosheath-like particle precipitation (“particle cusp”) and intense small-scale magnetic field variations (“current cusp”), respectively, were identical and were consistent with the statistically expected latitude of the cusp derived from a huge number of charged particle spectrograms (“statistical cusp”).     

The hydroxyl radical as an indicator of SEP fluxes in the high-latitude terrestrial atmosphere

The low background values at nighttime of the mesospheric hydroxyl (OH) radical make it easier to single out the atmospheric response to the external solar forcing in Polar Regions. Because of the short lifetime of HO_x, it is possible to follow the trails of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events in the terrestrial atmosphere, as shown by Storini and Damiani (2008). The sensitivity of this indicator makes discernible not only extreme particle events with a flux peak of several thousand pfu [1 pfu = 1 particle/(cm² s sr)] at energies >10 MeV, but also those with lower flux up to about 300 pfu. Using data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the EOS AURA satellite, we examined the correlation of OH abundance vs. solar proton flux for almost all the identified SEP events spanning from November 2004 to December 2006 (later on no more SEP events occurred during Solar Cycle no. 23). The channels at energies greater than 5 MeV and 10 MeV showed the best correlation values (r ∼ 0.90–0.95) at altitudes around 65–75 km whereas, as expected, the most energetic channels were most highly correlated at lower altitudes. Therefore, it is reasonably possible to estimate the solar proton flux from values of mesospheric OH (and viceversa) and it could be useful in studying periods with gaps in the records of solar particles.     

固体火箭喷管排气中的粒子分布

1.前言 现代的固体火箭发动机为提高推进剂的能量特性及抑制不稳定燃烧，常常在推进剂中添加金属粉末，最常见的是加金属铝粉。在发动机工作时，铝粉燃烧形成凝聚相的氧化铝粒子。这些粒子在喷管中的流动过程中，温度、速度等方面的变化滞后于燃·气本身的变