PROBA-3 mission and the Shadow Position Sensors: Metrology measurement concept and budget

PROBA-3 is a space mission of the European Space Agency that will test, and validate metrology and control systems for autonomous formation flying of two independent satellites. PROBA-3 will operate in a High Elliptic Orbit and when approaching the apogee at 6·10⁴ Km, the two spacecraft will align to realize a giant externally occulted coronagraph named ASPIICS, with the telescope on one satellite and the external occulter on the other one, at inter-satellite distance of 144.3 m. The formation will be maintained over 6 hrs across the apogee transit and during this time different validation operations will be performed to confirm the effectiveness of the formation flying metrology concept, the metrology control systems and algorithms, and the spacecraft manoeuvring. The observation of the Sun’s Corona in the field of view [1.08;3.0]R_Sun will represent the scientific tool to confirm the formation flying alignment. In this paper, we review the mission concept and we describe the Shadow Position Sensors (SPS), one of the metrological systems designed to provide high accuracy (sub-millimetre level) absolute and relative alignment measurement of the formation flying. The metrology algorithm developed to convert the SPS measurements in lateral and longitudinal movement estimation is also described and the measurement budget summarized.     

基于Mn3+浓度和形貌控制的高性能LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料

为了改善高电压镍锰酸锂(LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4)材料的电化学性能,提出利用退火热处理过程调控Mn~(3+)含量和材料形貌来制备LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料。LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料的电性能是材料结构、形貌等多因素影响的结果。退火热处理有助于Mn~(3+)氧化成Mn~(4+),实现Mn~(3+)含量调控。退火后材料的空间结构由Fd3m向P4_332转变,且具有微米级多面体形貌,有效提高了循环稳定性和放电平台。研究表明:700℃退火保温15 h合成的材料在20 C下具有118 mAh·g~(-1)放电比容量,循环100次容量保持率提高到92.8%。因此,通过优化Mn~(3+)含量、控制材料形貌可以实现高性能LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料制备。     

基于数字图像相关的预腐蚀2024-T4铝合金疲劳开裂实验研究

通过三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)方法研究预腐蚀2024-T4铝合金在三种不同最大应力水平和应力比下的疲劳开裂行为。通过应变场演化直观地显示裂纹萌生和扩展的时空特征,并通过扫描电镜观测关键损伤区域的断裂微观形貌。结果表明:试样边缘的局部腐蚀促进了疲劳裂纹萌生,影响了裂纹的形核位置,并引起材料氢脆现象;疲劳裂纹扩展方向与加载方向呈60°~68°角,表明疲劳裂纹扩展可以用KⅠ/KⅡ混合模式来描述;预腐蚀铝合金疲劳失效存在单裂纹断裂、多裂纹联合、多裂纹竞争和多裂纹平行扩展4种典型的失效模式。     

Joining of SiO2 ceramic and TC4 alloy by nanoparticles modified brazing filler metal

Nano-Al₂O₃ particles modified AgCuNi filler was adopted to braze the SiO₂ ceramic and TC4. The effects of filler size as well as the brazing temperature on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical property of the joints were investigated. Nanoscale filler reduced the phases dimension and promoted the homogeneous distribution of microstructure, obtaining a higher joint strength when compared to microscale filler. The increase of brazing temperature made the accelerating dissolution and diffusion of Ti, which promoted the increase of thickness of Ti₄O₇ + TiSi₂ layer adjacent to SiO₂ ceramic and diffusion layer zone nearby TC4 alloy. The hypoeutectic structure was produced in the brazing seam due to the high Ti content. The maximum shear strength of ∼40 MPa was obtained at 950 °C for 10 min.     

GOCE star tracker attitude quaternion calibration and combination

We analyse the inter-boresight angles (IBA) measured by the star trackers on board the GOCE satellite and find that they exhibit small offsets of 7–9″ with respect to the ones calculated from the rotation of the star tracker reference frames to the satellite reference frame. Further, we find small variations in the offsets with a peak-to-peak amplitude of up to 8″, which correlate with variations of the star trackers’ temperatures. Motivated by these findings, we present a method for combining the attitude quaternions measured by two or more star trackers that includes an estimation of relative attitude offsets between star trackers as a linear function of temperature. The method was used to correct and combine the star tracker attitude quaternions within the reprocessing of GOCE data performed in 2018. We demonstrate that the IBA calculated from the corrected star tracker attitude quaternions show no significant offsets with respect to the reference frame information. Finally, we show that neglecting the star tracker attitude offsets in the processing would result in perturbations in the gravity gradients that are visible at frequencies below 2?mHz and have a magnitude of up to 90?mE. The presented method avoids such perturbations to a large extent.     

“忠诚僚机”式有人/ 无人机协同作战概念 与任务管理技术研究

“忠诚僚机”式作战概念定义了有人机与无人机协同作战的新理念，颠覆了传统作战模式。在有人/ 无人机协同作战过程中，有人机以指挥者的角色，对作战任务进行分解、分配与管理。实现有人/ 无人机编队 之间在时间、空间上的协同与配合，而无人机在有人机的指挥下完成侦察与打击等任务。     

面向全月球探测的天基中继测控系统设计

中继测控是月球探测任务中必须解决的关键问题，特别是月球背面和两极地区的着陆和巡视探测任务以及载人登月任务。本文首先对国内外月球中继测控卫星的研究和发展情况进行了调研，分析了未来全月球探测对中继测控的需求。在此基础上，重点给出了面向全月球探测任务的天基中继测控系统设计方案，并仿真分析了该方案的中继测控性能。最后给出了简要的卫星设计方案。     

Investigation on surface integrity of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4 V by precision grinding and electropolishing

Electron beam melting (EBM), as an excellent Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, enables the printing of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy for a wide range of applications such as aerospace and biomechanical industries. It improves functionality and integrity of components and negates complexities in assembly processes. However, due to the poor surface and sub-surface integrity represented by the rough surface finish and low dimensional accuracy, achieving a favorable surface condition is quite challenging. Therefore, post processing becomes essential for these electron beam melted (EBM-ed) Ti-6Al-4 V alloys. Being the most common technique to improve such parts, milling of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy is very challenging and resulting tool wear issues, due to its unique material properties. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the surface integrity of EBM-ed Ti-6Al-4 V parts processed by precision grinding and electropolishing, aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively clarify the interrelation between process parameters and processed surface quality. The surface and subsurface characteristics such as profile accuracy, surface roughness, microstructure, defective layer and residual stress before and after post processing were compared and evaluated. The results show that by precision grinding, the profile accuracy was improved from over 300 µm PV to 7 µm PV, while surface roughness (R_a) was reduced from 30 µm to about 2 µm. The layer with partially melt particles was removed, but introduced a deformed subsurface layer with more residual stress. Then by applying electropolishing, the residual stress was released and the deformed layer was removed. In addition, R_a was further reduced to 0.65 µm. The research can serve as a reference for the integration of post machining processes with AM.     

基于任务的作战飞机效能评估模型

针对作战飞机的任务效能评估问题,提出了基于作战飞机任务的任务效能新概念;采用概率分析方法将飞机作战过程分解并抽象为一组概率值,建立了相应的任务效能评估模型;该模型可以在兼顾传统仿真评估模型结果精度的同时,具有模型简明、计算消耗低、方便快捷等特点;更具有实际作战指挥意义,其快速可信的评估结果有利于作战指挥官进行合理的、科学的任务规划,从而有利于在执行特定任务时更好地运用现有的作战飞机和武器;算例结果表明该模型可以较为有效地对作战飞机携带不同机载武器时在不同作战环境中打击不同作战目标进行效能评估.     

探空火箭定时定点入轨的一种制导控制规律

针对特定探测天体,给出了特殊用途的探空火箭与其实现空间交会的时刻与地点的计算方法.根据特定天体的运行轨道,发射前算出标称交会飞行轨道,装订在箭载计算机内.火箭发射后,利用箭载惯性导航系统确定自身当前的位置与速度,比对标称飞行轨道参数得出飞行偏差,通过控制火箭推力偏斜调整飞行轨道,使探空火箭在交会时刻到达交会点,并在交会时刻相对与惯性空间的速度为0.定义了研究所用的各种坐标系,建立了火箭飞行动力学方程.研究了标称飞行轨道最优交会点选取,交会时间与发射时间计算等问题.给出了发射后动力飞行段的制导控制规律,核心思想是将控制信号分解为时间控制、当地水平面上的海拔高度控制、南北控制与东西控制,通过设置偏置量减小关机后轨道摄动因素引起的漂移.利用计算机数值仿真验证了这种制导控制规律的可行性.