Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

Simulated microgravity inhibits cell wall regeneration of Penicillium decumbens protoplasts

This work compares cell wall regeneration from protoplasts of the fungus Penicillium decumbens under rotary culture (simulated microgravity) and stationary cultures. Using an optimized lytic enzyme mixture, protoplasts were successfully released with a yield of 5.3 × 10⁵ cells/mL. Under simulated microgravity conditions, the protoplast regeneration efficiency was 33.8%, lower than 44.9% under stationary conditions. Laser scanning confocal microscopy gave direct evidence for reduced formation of polysaccharides under simulated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy showed the delayed process of cell wall regeneration by simulated microgravity. The delayed regeneration of P. decumbens cell wall under simulated microgravity was likely caused by the inhibition of polysaccharide synthesis. This research contributes to the understanding of how gravitational loads affect morphological and physiological processes of fungi.     

燃烧供热热光伏系统实验研究

针对未来深空探测供电需求,设计了一套热光伏发电系统,采用丙烷燃烧器模拟同位素热源,并利用低禁带GaSb电池实现了系统的热电转换。研究了气体流量、过量空气系数、回热器性能、滤波器等对辐射器温度及电池输出功率、系统转换效率的影响。结果表明：电池输出功率随燃气量单调增加,而在一定燃气量下,存在一最优过量空气系数使其达到最大值;同时,回热器和滤波器对辐射器温度和电池输出特性有很大影响;本实验系统可以实现最大输出功率密度0.45W/cm 2,系统转换效率2.8%。     

先进太阳能热动力系统单元热管吸热器仿真分析

研究的目的是验证热管吸热器有良好的热性能。通过对先进太阳能热动力系统单元热管吸热器进行数值仿真,建立了相应的数学模型,给出了数值解法,并把仿真结果同NASA计算结果进行了对比。分析结果表明,热管吸热器由于热管良好的导热性和理想的等温性,热管在轴向的温差很小,这就使得热管在不同位置上的容器内的PCM都能同步、均匀的熔化;另外热管吸液芯的正常工作使得热管周向温度分布均匀,从而避免热斑现象;热管吸热器由于热管在轴向和周向上良好的等温性,在阴影期末,各蓄热容器内的PCM能够同时凝固,并最终达到完全凝固,从而避免热松脱现象。因此,热管吸热器提高了系统的效率,能避免热斑和热松脱现象。     

二氧化硅气凝胶原位填充聚酰亚胺泡沫的结构及隔热性能研究

以超轻质开孔柔性聚酰亚胺泡沫为基体,采用溶胶凝胶工艺制备了一系列二氧化硅气凝胶原位填充的聚酰亚胺复合泡沫。复合泡沫密度10~100 kg/m³可调,厚度1~ 400 mm可调,最大宏观尺寸可达1 m×1 m。对其泡孔结构、隔热性能、热性能进行了系统表征,分析了二氧化硅气凝胶原位填充聚酰亚胺泡沫的隔热机理。结果表明：二氧化硅气凝胶的引入,可有效降低复合泡沫室温热导率,提高其隔热性能;随着二氧化硅气凝胶含量的增加,聚酰亚胺复合泡沫的热导率由38.8 mW/（m·K）降低至19.6 mW/（m·K）;热端温度300 ℃时,复合泡沫热导率仅为61.1 mW/（m·K）;填充二氧化硅气凝胶后,聚酰亚胺复合泡沫热稳定性大大提高,在900 ℃下热失重残留量约为80%。     

GTEM小室放置被测物后的场分布

使用球坐标系下的FDTD和球坐标系下Mur型二阶吸收边界条件计算了 GTEM小室中放置被测物后的场分布，分析了被测物对GTEM小室中电磁场的扰动情况     

An Outline of Investigation of Space Medicine Problem and Its Mechanism

The human exploration of space is one of the great voyages of discovery in human history. For over forty years space exploration, human have gotten more profound knowledge about outer space and life phenomena, ranging from understanding and recognizing space to adapting and utilizing space. With these development, space medicine that aimed at studying effect of space environment on human health and ensuring the safety, health and effective working of human in space exploration, will become increasingly improved and matured.The contents of research will develop from the early phenomena observation of the effect of space environment on human physiology and biochemistry, and the effect definition, to the study of the mechanism of changes of cell, molecule, and gene, from the passive adaptation for space environment to taking the initiative countermeasures, in order to ensure the safety, health and effective working of astronauts during space flight.Space practices in the past forty years have confirmed that a variety of physiological and pathological changes have been found for organism exposed to space flight. These changes include cardiovascular dysfunction, bone loss,muscle atrophy, decline of immune function, endocrine function disorder and space motion sickness. In recent years, more attention has been focused on the study of the mechanism of these changes, especially the effects of space environment on cell, molecule and its gene expression. With the demand of China's manned space engineering task and continuous development, a series of studies on medical problem caused by space environment have been carried out.     

ATM网络中数据加密方法研究与实现

分析了ATM网络涉及的安全问题和所面临的威胁，探讨了ATM网络中数据加密方法、密码同步方法，提出了高速数据加密的实现方法。     

多喷嘴超声速引射器启动性能试验

建立了多喷嘴超声速引射器试车台,采用燃气作为一次流驱动工质对多种多喷嘴构型引射器的启动性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:相对于环型引射和中心引射,具有较高一次流马赫数的多喷嘴引射在增强混合的同时引入了额外的压力损失,其启动所需要的第二喉道面积更大、最小启动压力更高;引射喷嘴个数越多、管道马赫数越高、引射喷嘴出口马赫数越高,则所需启动压力越高;引射喷嘴出口马赫数越高,所获得的盲腔压力越低;二次流的"助推"作用可以在一定程度上改善引射器的启动性能。     

Effects of lunar and mars dust simulants on HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts

Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants.