A few metrological aspects of the Gaia mission

The ESA space astrometry mission Gaia is designed to measure the positions, parallaxes and proper motions of more than one billion stars of our Galaxy brighter than 20 magnitude. The expected astrometric accuracies are in the range 7–25 μas for the point-like sources down to 15 mag. To achieve this staggering performance, several issues of highly accurate metrology must be solved and implemented on the spacecraft. In this paper, I discuss first some constraining principles to perform global astrometry in space, and then a couple of examples of the metrological issues currently faced by the design or to be encountered during the operations. One concerns the optimisation of the sky coverage with a scanning instrument like Gaia, and the other deals with the instrument stability and how the stringent requirements are met in practice.     

扭矩扳子检定装置量值传递相关问题探讨

通过对扭矩量值传递中有关器具工作原理及工作时受力的分析,指出了用扭矩扳子检定装置检定扭矩扳子时检定结果难以一致的原因,给出了解决办法,并进行了验证。     

等半宽高矩形盒零件的超塑性胀形力学解析

本文在粘塑性本构方程基础上，对半宽与高相等的矩形盒零件进行了超塑性胀形力学解析，对变形危险点的应变速率加以最优控制，以使材料厚度分布相对均匀，并提高了形成极限。     

关于地球卫星运动中的坐标系附加摄动问题

关于卫星运动中的坐标系附加摄动，早期是从两种赤道坐标系中卫星轨道根数的差别采用大量球面三角公式的方法导出的，本文将改用与当今高精度数值解中的坐标转换关系，在岁差章动等参数完全一致的情况下，简要清晰地导出相应的坐标系附加摄动解，既容易被读者接受，又便于与对应的数值解进行比对。     

A Detailed Analysis of the Operational Orbit of the Hipparcos Satellite

An analysis of the orbital evolution of the ESA's Hipparcos satellite is presented. Hipparcos operated between August 1989 and March 1993 in a highly elliptical orbit: a geostationary transfer orbit with increased perigee height. The requirements of the scientific mission included high accuracy knowledge of the position and velocity vectors of the spacecraft as a function of time. Through a study of the variations in the total orbital energy, the loss of energy during the mission as a result of non-conservative forces is recovered. These are explained as largely due to atmospheric drag during perigee passages. Apparent variations in the drag coefficient are in agreement with orientation variations of the satellite during those perigee passages. Two different models used for calculating the atmospheric drag give significantly different results, confirming earlier findings by other users of those models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

提高高燃速丁羟推进剂低温伸长率研究

运用单向拉伸、交联密度测试、动态力学分析(DMA)等实验手段，研究了IPDI丁羟高燃速推进剂低温伸长率偏低的问题。结果表明：由于固化剂IPDI的分子结构特点和低反应活性造成粘合剂体系固化反应速度上的差别，加上防老剂H的刚性和物理交联作用使该类推进剂低温抗拉强度过高，是造成该类推进剂低温伸长率偏低的主要原因。在此基础上，通过添加网络调节剂，改善了推进剂粘合剂相的网络结构，解决了该问题。     

损伤力学在研究金属高周疲劳问题中的应用

 本文用损伤力学研究金属高周疲劳问题。假设损伤为各向同性,并考虑应力与损伤的互耦效应,用有限元法,预估了含缺口板材试件的疲劳寿命。计算和实验S-N曲线表明,本方法预估寿命误差在工程允许范围内。     

包含初值或终值条件为驻值条件的非线性弹性动力学的变分原理

历史上为使初始条件为驻值条件的哈氏型原理曾在文献[1～2]中研究过。但文献[1]中仍要求末时刻位移变分为零;而文献[2]中的形式实为虚功原理。对于线性情形,文献[3]中给出了包括初始条件为驻值条件的哈氏型原理。本文给出非线性情形的结果,并推广其可用于终值问题。     

航空头盔典型件冲击保护性能实验研究

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆研究了几种航空头盔典型件的冲击保护性能,测量了各构件的能量吸收率.讨论了冲击过程和能量吸收过程,进一步分析了头盔外壳材料力学性能及泡沫衬垫密度对头盔能量吸收率的影响规律.实验表明,在一定范围内外壳力学性能和泡沫衬垫密度对于能量吸收起着重要作用.为设计新一代航空头盔提供了可靠的实验依据.     

以裂纹长度为参量的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型

建立了以裂纹长度为参数的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型，给出了计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和临界裂纹长度时的裂纹扩展时间分布的方法，以及计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和寿命时的裂纹长度分布的方法，并给出了相应的计算实例。