Cost-driven design of small satellite remote sensing systems*

Earth remote sensing (alongside communications) is one of the key application of Earth-orbiting satellites. Civilian satellites in the LANDSAT and SPOT series provide Earth images which have been used for a vast spectrum of applications in agriculture, meteorology, hydrology, urban planning and geology, to name but a few. In the defence sector, satellite remote sensing systems are a critical tool in strategic and tactical planning – for the countries which can afford them. To date, remote sensing satellites have fallen into one of these two categories: military missions driven by the requirement for very high resolution and orbital agility; and multipurpose civil satellites using general purpose sensors to serve a diverse community of end users. For military-style missions, the drive to high resolution sets the requirements for optics, attitude control and downlink data bandwidth. For civil missions, the requirement to satisfy multiple, diverse user applications forces compromises on spectral band and orbit selection. Although there are exceptions, many small satellite remote sensing missions carry on in this tradition, concentrating on ultra high resolution products for multiple user communities. This results in satellites costing on the order of US $100 M, not optimised for any particular application. This paper explores an alternative path to satellite remote sensing, aiming simultaneously to reduce cost and to optimise imaging products for specific applications. By decreasing the cost of the remote sensing satellite system to a critical point, it becomes appropriate to optimise the sensor's spectral and temporal characteristics to fit the requirements of a small, specialised user base. The critical engineering trade-off faced in a cost driven mission is how to reduce mission cost while still delivering a useful product to the selected user. At the Surrey Space Centre, we have pursued an engineering path using two dimensional CCD array sensors, commercial off-the-shelf lenses and gravity-gradient stabilised microsatellites. In spite of the inherent limitations of such systems, recent successes with the Thai Microsatellite Company's Thai-Phutt satellite show that a system costing in the region of US $3 million, can approach the spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT. Surrey's UoSAT-12 minisatellite (to be launched April, 1999) will further develop this cost-driven approach to provide 10 m panchromatic resolution and 30 m multi-spectral resolution. This paper describes the Thai-Phutt and UoSAT-12 imaging systems, explaining the engineering methods and trade-offs. Although Surrey is presently the only centre presently pursuing such implementations, our paper shows that they deserve wider consideration.     

减法消除CCD太阳Hα图象干涉条纹的误差分析

本文简要介绍了CCD产生干涉条纹的原因,对采用减法消除干涉条纹方法进行了论述。通过试验研究,提出了一种计算误差的方法,并对计算结果进行了分析和讨论。      

CCD等高仪测定太阳直径的模拟计算及其精度分析

本文根据用光电等高仪测定太阳直径的基本原理,给出了用CCD作探测器测定太阳直径的处理方法,并用模拟方法对不同的seeing值产生了几组太阳曝光的CCD底片。通过对这些CCD底片的数字图象的处理和计算,对太阳直径的测定精度进行了估计和分析。计算分析表明,不论对单像还是双像方案,CCD等高仪都能以好于0."05的精度测定太阳的直径。      

空间CCD图像传感器辐射损伤评估方法

CCD图像传感器作为高灵敏度光电集成部件,易受空间辐射的影响而发生性能退化和工作异常。开展其辐射效应评价研究并制定相应的防护对策,是保证其在空间可靠应用的前提。文章通过地面模拟试验和辐射屏蔽计算,对空间用CCD图像传感器电离辐射损伤与位移损伤效应开展评估方法研究,为CCD抗辐射加固设计与地面评估试验提供参考。该方法也可用于其他光电器件和材料辐射效应评价。     

基于光学测角数据的风云四号同步轨道卫星精密定轨

针对风云四号同步卫星的精密定轨和精度评估需求,首先利用地面光学测角数据对FY-4A卫星进行精密定轨,定轨后方位角和高度角的残差rms分别为0.25＂和0.45＂。与基于测距数据的轨道相比,位置精度在有测角数据的弧段内小于50m。进一步联合测角数据和测距数据对FY-4A卫星进行联合定轨,定轨后轨道重叠精度优于15m。利用联合定轨结果评估了基于测距数据的实时轨道产品精度,可以明显发现轨道精度随着测距数据的积累而逐步提高。     

航空发动机燃烧室的现状和发展

论述了燃烧室设计中各项技术指标的相互制约,分析了第3、4代发动机燃烧室的技术特点和燃烧室设计及研究方法的新进展.较详细介绍了驻涡（TVC）、富燃-快掺混-贫燃（RQL）、双环腔预混旋流（TAPS）、多喷嘴单元体和陶瓷燃烧室,指出其适用性.主动燃烧控制中更为主要的是出口温度分布系数控制,长远研究应开发快速、灵敏、配置严格的油气管理系统.最后讨论了燃用液氢的可行性.建议应加快CCD与燃烧室目标设计相结合的研发过程.     

三线阵相机视轴夹角及线阵平行性装调测试

随着对实时立体测绘图像的需求,相机探测器由胶片向CCD发展。为了保证三线阵测绘相机的测绘精度,文章对三线阵测绘相机的视轴夹角及线阵平行性的装调检测进行了研究,针对测试指标提出了新的装调测试方案,并对方案中的关键技术进行了阐述。实际装调检测结果表明,该方案能够满足多相机间夹角测试精度优于5″,CCD线阵不平行度测试精度优于15″的要求。可以满足三线阵测绘相机空间位置的装调测试,具有实际应用价值。     

CCD无损测量生物组织光学参数的实验研究

为了实现生物组织光学参数的无损测量,采用CCD无损测量技术。获得了生物组织模拟液（Intralipid-20％稀释液）在连续的He—Ne激光光束照射下的表面漫射光分布图像;并用Monte Carlo方法数值模拟了漫射光分布．结果显示理论计算与实验测量结果在10mm范围内相吻合。根据漫射近似理论对实验测量的数据进行非线性拟合,获得了生物组织模拟液的光学参数,与Bolt等报道的结果非常接近。提出了利用CCD设备无损测量生物组织光学参数的新设想,其可行性已被初步的试验证实。     

天基照相跟踪空间碎片批处理轨道确定研究

随着国内外天基观测空间碎片研究的展开,文章提出了利用跟踪卫星的CCD(Charge
Coupled Device)相机对空间碎片进行轨道探测的方法,首先建立了CCD照相观测模型和基于 照相观测 的空间碎片批处理轨道确定模型。通过对CCD相机底片归算方法的分析可知,利用
CCD相机所获得的观测数据与跟踪卫星的姿态无关,且其精度只与测量和坐标转换计算的精 度有关,在测量和计算中可获得较高的精度。分别对分布密度较高的低轨道和地球同步 轨道区域的空间碎片进行了定轨分析。仿真结果表明,定轨时采用两个跟踪弧段的照相数据 定轨精度大大高于一个弧段照相数据的定轨精度;跟踪卫星距离空间碎片越近,定轨精度越 高;低轨道空间碎片的定轨精度高于地球同步轨道上的空间碎片定轨精度。
     

超光谱成像仪成像电路的设计与实现

超光谱成像仪是环境减灾-1A卫星的主载荷之一,也是我国第一台采用静态干涉型光谱成像技术的星载遥感相机。成像电路是超光谱成像仪的核心组件之一,文章介绍了超光谱成像仪成像电路的系统组成,以及各功能模块的结构、功能和设计原理。