Effects of lighting and air movement on temperatures in reproductive organs of plants in a closed plant growth facility

Temperature increases in plant reproductive organs such as anthers and stigmas could cause fertility impediments and thus produce sterile seeds under artificial lighting conditions without adequately controlled environments in closed plant growth facilities. There is a possibility such a situation could occur in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems under microgravity conditions in space because there will be little natural convective or thermal mixing. This study was conducted to determine the temperature of the plant reproductive organs as affected by illumination and air movement under normal gravitational forces on the earth and to make an estimation of the temperature increase in reproductive organs in closed plant growth facilities under microgravity in space. Thermal images of reproductive organs of rice and strawberry were captured using infrared thermography at air temperatures of 10–11 °C. Compared to the air temperature, temperatures of petals, stigmas and anthers of strawberry increased by 24, 22 and 14 °C, respectively, after 5 min of lighting at an irradiance of 160 W m⁻² from incandescent lamps. Temperatures of reproductive organs and leaves of strawberry were significantly higher than those of rice. The temperatures of petals, stigmas, anthers and leaves of strawberry decreased by 13, 12, 13 and 14 °C, respectively, when the air velocity was increased from 0.1 to 1.0 ms⁻¹. These results show that air movement is necessary to reduce the temperatures of plant reproductive organs in plant growth facilities.     

V-22“鱼鹰”倾转旋翼机研制历程与关键技术

倾转旋翼机具有速度快、噪声小、航程远、载重大和耗油率低等优点,本文介绍了贝尔直升机公司V-22"鱼鹰"倾转旋翼机从原理验证阶段的XV-3机到方案验证阶段的XV-15机,再到实用工程研制阶段的V-22"鱼鹰"机循序渐进的研制历程,并叙述了倾转旋翼机研制中的几项关键技术。     

对我国航天制造技术发展的探讨

在分析航天制造技术的重要作用及特征的基础上，总结了我国航天制造技术发展取得的成绩，剖析了现存在的主要问题，结合我国航天事业发展的需要，提出了发展航天制造技术需要重点采取的对策。     

变循环涡扇冲压组合发动机发展现状及关键技术分析

总结了国内外变循环涡扇冲压组合发动机的发展现状,对比分析了有/无能量传递构型的变循环涡扇冲压组合发动机的工作原理及优缺点。提炼了变循环涡扇冲压组合发动机的关键技术,包括总体性能仿真技术、高速宽工况风扇设计技术、加力/冲压燃烧室设计技术、热管理系统设计技术以及模态转换设计技术。基于国内需求和相关技术研究现状,给出了变循环涡扇冲压组合发动机后续重点研究方向的建议,包括发动机总体性能设计与仿真工具、发动机多设计点多学科耦合设计方法、发动机热管理系统设计与仿真建模以及关键部件的设计与试验。     

网络安全体系分析

阐明了网络安全体系是一个保证网络安全的体系结构,涉及到法律、技术、管理等方面;从 TCP/IP 协议体系角度对网络安全存在的问题入手分析,并对目前采用的安全策略及安全技术进行了剖析。     

空间核反应堆电源技术概览

空间核反应堆电源具有环境适应性好、功率覆盖范围广、结构紧凑以及大功率条件下质量功率比小等突出优点,在军民航天任务中具有广阔的应用前景,是改变未来航天动力格局的颠覆性技术之一。对空间核反应堆电源的原理、特点、适用范围、应用前景、历史发展情况及现状、典型方案、应用安全等进行了系统介绍,对技术发展趋势进行了分析总结,并就我国该技术发展给出一些见解。     

先进涡扇发动机空气系统与零件传热设计技术验证

本文简要介绍了中国燃气涡轮研究院在先进涡扇发动机空气系统与零件传热设计技术验证方面的研究情况,内容涉及发动机空气系统设计技术、零件热分析设计技术、涡轮叶片冷却设计技术及新型铸冷双层壳型高效涡轮冷却叶片设计中的关键技术。探讨了空气系统与零件传热设计技术中的设计计算方法、设计软件校核与改进、试验研究与参数测试、以及设计体系建设等问题,通过系统的模型、部件和发动机整机三个层次的试验验证,初步形成了空气系统与零件传热设计体系。     

Effects of mineral nutrition conditions on heat tolerance of chufa (Сyperus esculentus L.) plant communities to super optimal air temperatures in the BTLSS

The use of mineralized human wastes as a basis for nutrient solutions will increase the degree of material closure of bio-technical human life support systems. As stress tolerance of plants is determined, among other factors, by the conditions under which they have been grown before exposure to a stressor, the purpose of the study is to investigate the level of tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities grown in solutions based on mineralized human wastes to a damaging air temperature, 45 °C. Experiments were performed with 30-day-old chufa plant communities grown hydroponically, on expanded clay aggregate, under artificial light, at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR and at a temperature of 25 °C. Plants were grown in Knop’s solution and solutions based on human wastes mineralized according to Yu.A. Kudenko’s method, which contained nitrogen either as ammonium and urea or as nitrates. The heat shock treatment lasted 20 h at 690 and 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR. Chufa heat tolerance was evaluated based on parameters of CO₂ gas exchange, the state of its photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), and intensity of peroxidation of leaf lipids. Chufa plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that contained ammonium and urea had lower heat tolerance than plants grown in standard mineral solutions. Heat tolerance of the plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that mainly contained nitrate nitrogen was insignificantly different from the heat tolerance of the plants grown in standard mineral solutions. A PAR intensity increase from 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ enhanced heat tolerance of chufa plant communities, irrespective of the conditions of mineral nutrition under which they had been grown.     

航天数据固态记录器设计问题(下)

本文是航天工程数据固态记录器设计问题论文的第三部分。首先考察系统对于固态记录器的辐照加固要求与辐照试验方法，分析总剂量防护、单粒子翻转和单粒子闩锁的防护措施。在此基础上，分别从器件选用、容错设计和硬件与软件防护等方面，讨论固态记录器的辐照加固问题。给出固态记录器的核心部分存储阵列的可靠性计算公式。最后介绍固态记录器的３Ｄ封装工艺应用现状。     

Development and Prospectives of Ultra-High-Speed Grinding Technology

Ultra-high-speed grinding(UHSG)is a significant and powerful machining method in view of the enhanced productivity and precision demands.Previous researches regarding formation mechanisms and crucial technologies are comprehensively and thoroughly summarized to highlight state-of-art technology of UHSG.On the basis of the interdependence between process and machine innovations,theoretically,grinding mechanisms in strain hardening,strain rate strengthening,thermal softening,size effect and process characteristics need more in-depth studies to clarify the dominance of UHSG.Technically,CFRP wheel integrating with the brazed bonding has a prominent advantage in bonding strength and grit′s configuration over vitrified bonding,which would be superior in UHSG.Furthermore,external high pressure cooling combining with inner jet cooling methods,accompanied by scraper plates to alleviate the effect of air boundary,are crucial and practical measures for realizing effective cooling in UHSG.Grinding processes,especially those being related to grinding parameters and precise in-process measuring approaches,are also prerequisite for fitting and investigation of UHSG.