Selecting a reference frame

Reference frames are representations that parse space. In the case of spatial terms, reference frames mediate the mapping of linguistic expressions onto spatial configurations of objects. In the sentence ``The fly is above the cat,' ``above' is defined with respect to a reference frame that is imposed on the cat. Different types of reference frames can be used to define spatial terms, each based on a different source of information. For example, gravity, the orientation of objects in the scene or the orientation of the viewer can all be used to set the orientation of a reference frame. When these reference frames disagree (because the viewer is reclining or because the objects in the scene are overturned), there are competing definitions for the spatial term, resulting in the need for reference frame selection. The purpose of this paper is to review a line of research that examines reference frame selection in the context of spatial language. This work shows that all reference frames are initially active and assign a direction to a spatial term. Moreover, this activation is automatic, and is followed by the selection of a single reference frame, with selection accompanied by inhibition of the non-selected frames. Parallels between reference frame selection in language and in perception and attention are discussed.     

基于变结构控制理论的BTT导弹自动驾驶仪的三通道独立设计

对于倾斜转变导弹而言，现有的自动驾驶仪三通道独立设计方法都是在忽略通道间耦合关系前提下根据经曲控制理论的单变量频域方法设计的。本文基于变结构自适应控制理论。提出一种新的ＢＴＴ导弹自动驾驶仪三通道独立设计方法，该方法不仅在其设计过程中保留了通道间的全部耦合因素，而且控制律完全基于被控对象参数变化的上下界，无需对系统进行在线参数辨识，从而提高了设计的准确性，增强了系统的适应性和鲁棒性。运用所提出的方法     

提升网络时代高校图书馆的参考咨询服务职能

参考咨询服务的网络化,是21世纪图书馆事业的重要特征;信息参考咨询服务应积极更新观念、构建知识服务体系的参考咨询模式、建立具有创意思维的参考咨询队伍,以提升高校图书馆的服务职能。     

基于中值滤波和参考点的风洞压敏涂料试验图像处理技术

提出了一种结合图像中值滤波和试件参考点的风洞压敏涂料（PSP）试验图像数据处理方法。与通常用校准箱获取校准曲线进而得到PSP试验试件表面压力或压力系数（Cp）的方法不同，该方法通过空心中值滤波技术恢复PSP光强比图像中测压孔处的光强比数据，结合若干参考点处常规测压技术实测所得Cp值，获得Cp值和PSP图像光强比数据的关系曲线，进而得到整个试件表面的Cp值数据，该方法获得的数据结合了风洞试验诸多因素对试验结果的影响。利用MATLAB对PSP技术试验图像数据进行了处理，并将PSP方法获得的Cp值与常规测压方法获得的Cp值进行了比较，得到的结果显示，笔者采用的方法获得的Cp值与常规测压方法获得的Cp值吻合较好。该方法为PSP图像数据的处理提供了一种新的方法，具有较大的发展潜力和应用价值。     

Estimation of foF2 variations using round-the-world sounding data

An estimation of the F2 ionospheric region critical frequency (foF2) variations using analysis of round-the-world radio sounding data has been made. Experimental data obtained by the Russian chirp-sounders network have been used. For the first time, using experimental data and numerical simulation, the quantitative dependency between the minimum foF2 magnitudes over round-the-world propagation paths and round-the-world maximum usable frequencies has been obtained.     

Prospects in the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Moon with the advent of sub-centimeter lunar laser ranging

Lunar laser ranging (LLR) measurements are crucial for advanced exploration of the laws of fundamental gravitational physics and geophysics as well as for future human and robotic missions to the Moon. The corner-cube reflectors (CCR) currently on the Moon require no power and still work perfectly since their installation during the project Apollo era. Current LLR technology allows us to measure distances to the Moon with a precision approaching 1 mm. As NASA pursues the vision of taking humans back to the Moon, new, more precise laser ranging applications will be demanded, including continuous tracking from more sites on Earth, placing new CCR arrays on the Moon, and possibly installing other devices such as transponders, etc. for multiple scientific and technical purposes. Since this effort involves humans in space, then in all situations the accuracy, fidelity, and robustness of the measurements, their adequate interpretation, and any products based on them, are of utmost importance. Successful achievement of this goal strongly demands further significant improvement of the theoretical model of the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Earth–Moon system. This model should inevitably be based on the theory of general relativity, fully incorporate the relevant geophysical processes, lunar librations, tides, and should rely upon the most recent standards and recommendations of the IAU for data analysis. This paper discusses methods and problems in developing such a mathematical model. The model will take into account all the classical and relativistic effects in the orbital and rotational motion of the Moon and Earth at the sub-centimeter level. The model is supposed to be implemented as a part of the computer code underlying NASA Goddard’s orbital analysis and geophysical parameter estimation package GEODYN and the ephemeris package PMOE 2003 of the Purple Mountain Observatory. The new model will allow us to navigate a spacecraft precisely to a location on the Moon. It will also greatly improve our understanding of the structure of the lunar interior and the nature of the physical interaction at the core–mantle interface layer. The new theory and upcoming millimeter LLR will give us the means to perform one of the most precise fundamental tests of general relativity in the solar system.     

基于模糊卡尔曼滤波的内阻尼姿态算法研究

在系统机动性不强的情况下，传统的平台内阻尼算法将系统本身的速度信息通过阻尼网络加到系统中，达到提高姿态角精度的目的。将这种平台内阻尼的思想引入到捷联惯性航姿系统中，在系统加速度较小的情况下，利用加速度计的输出估计系统姿态角，通过卡尔曼滤波的形式补偿系统姿态误差。由于加速度的大小直接影响滤波器精度，本文设计了模糊自适应卡尔曼滤波算法，根据三轴加速度计的输出调整内阻尼量测误差方差阵，从而避免了滤波器的发散。仿真和实验验证，内阻尼算法可明显抑制舒勒周期振荡和傅科周期振荡，避免了系统姿态漂移，有效提高了捷联惯性航姿系统的精度。     

Inner Attitude Integration Algorithm Based on Fault Detection for Strapdown Inertial Attitude and Heading Reference System

This article proposes a new inner attitude integration algorithm to improve attitude accuracy of the strapdown inertial attitude and heading reference system(SIAHRS), which, by means of a Kalman filter, integrates the calculated attitude from the accelerometers in inertial measuring unit(IMU), called damping attitudes, with those from the conventional IMU. As vehicle's acceleration could produce damping attitude errors, the horizontal outputs from accelerometers are firstly used to judge the vehicle's motion so as to determine whether the damping attitudes could be reasonably applied. This article also analyzes the limitation of this approach. Furthermore, it suggests a residual chi-square test to judge the validity of damping attitude measurement in real time, and accordingly puts forward proper information fusion strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved through the experiments on a real system in dynamic and static states.     

飞行器自适应控制参考模型建立方法研究

针对模型参考自适应控制中参考模型的建立问题,探讨了三种模型设计方法:经典控制设计、最优化控制设计和利用Wonham可控标准型设计,并通过仿真算例比较了三种方法在飞行品质、飞机特性、匹配性和算法性能上的优劣,为模型参考自适应控制系统中参考模型的建立提供了理论依据.     

Children's control of reference systems in spatial tasks: Foundations of spatial cognitive skill?

Two experiments are presented, one that focused on the abilities of 3- through 8-year-old children to use frames of reference as means for solving a search task in a small-scale perceived space and one that focused on the abilities of 8- through 11-year-old children to use different frames of reference to answer questions about the locations of objects in an environment they had read about. Experiment 1 revealed developmental improvement in the consistent application of object-, place-, and viewer-based frames of reference, with scale of space impacting the pattern of age-related improvement. Experiment 2 showed that young readers' first successes with switching from one reference system to another in representational space involved a vantage point perspective, a viewer-based ``gaze tour' of a small-scale area. Although disparate in focus and method, the studies point to the need for a new theoretical framework for examining developmental issues in the application of spatial frames of reference.