Gamma rays from accreting matter onto collapsed objects

In the spherical accretion onto massive objects, the matter may be heated up to temperatures as high as 10¹² °K. In such a hot plasma, the thermal bremsstrahlung (e-e and e-p) and π° decay from inelastic collisions of protons are the main γ-ray sources. We determined the γ -ray production spectra from the π° decay and from bremsstrahlung for different temperatures. The expected γ-ray spectra were evaluated too in order to fit experimental data. We have fitted COS B data from 3C 273 using a two temperatures plasma model. The best fit is for

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(M₈ is the black hole mass in 10⁸ M) which gives . The hard X-ray measurements do not contradict the bremsstrahlung spectrum.     

Cosmic ray anisotropies in the outer heliosphere

The observation of the directional distribution of energetic and cosmic ray particles has been done with the Voyager spacecraft over a long period. Since 2002, when the first flux enhancements of charged particles associated with the approach of Voyager 1 to the solar wind termination shock were observed, these anisotropy measurements have become of special interest. They play an important role to understand the magnetic field and shock structure and the basics of the modulation of cosmic ray and anomalous particles at and beyond the termination shock. They also serve as motivation to study the spatial behavior of galactic and anomalous cosmic ray anisotropies with numerical modulation models in order to illustrate how the radial anisotropy, at different energies, change from upstream to downstream of the termination shock. Observations made by Voyager 1 indicate that the termination shock is a complicated region than previously thought, hence the effects of the latitude dependence of the termination shock’s compression ratio and injection efficiency on the radial anisotropies of galactic and anomalous protons will be illustrated. We find that the magnitude and direction of the radial anisotropy strongly depends on the position in the heliosphere and the energy of particles. The effect of the TS on the radial anisotropy is to abruptly increase its value in the heliosheath especially in the A > 0 cycle for galactic protons and in both polarity cycles for anomalous protons. Furthermore, the global effect of the latitude dependence of the shock’s compression ratio is to increase the radial anisotropy for galactic protons throughout the heliosphere, while when combined with the latitude dependence of the injection efficiency this increase depends on modulation factors for anomalous protons and can even alter the direction of the radial anisotropy.     

影响氢原子钟长期稳定度的系统效应分析

进一步改进氢钟的频率稳定度，需要了解影响频率稳定度的各个过程及其影响的相对大小。讨论影响氢钟频率稳定度的各种系统过程。这种分析能够使钟的研制者和用户去识别稳定度的限制因素并加以选择以便改进。     

飞机顶层需求捕获经验介绍

飞机顶层需求是飞机研制过程的关键环节。长期以来,对飞机研制中的需求捕获和分析工作一直用自然语言定性或定量地描述,主观因素较多。采用系统工程过程思维,对需求捕获经验进行了描述,通过过程控制来保证最终获得的飞机顶层需求文件的完整性、全面性、正确性和可实施性。     

现场可修系统的可靠性数据处理

用随机点过程模型来处理航空产品现场可修系统的可靠性数据时，存在系统故障修复次数少，数据不齐全的问题。为此，对符合非时齐泊松过程模型的数据作为“修复如新”处理时，所所应满足的条件及适用范围作了分析，通过数字仿真对精度的计算，在工作应用中，当系统修复次数小于或等于３时，可将“修复如旧”的系统当作“修复如新”的模型处理，但要注意参数ｍ的影响；对残存比率法应用于可修系统数据处理时的可能性进行了讨论。仿真结     

Applying the mathematical theory of stochastic processes to lunar and planetary science: the ancient oceans on Mars case

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that represents different aspects of some physical processes we can analyze using mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process according to the MTSP can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. The importance of MTSP is that each such interpretation can provide large amount of new information. While large body of work on the impact crater statistics according to MST has already been done, it is yet to be investigated as to how we can model a stochastic process according to MTSP; for example, bombardment of the planetary surface or something else in a Lunar and Planetary Science (LPS) domain. In order to show possible achievements, the possible existence of a Martian ocean was chosen as a query that could be addressed through computations using presumptions according to MTSP, including probability of existence as well as lateral and vertical extent and duration of time. While the presumptions for this particular case will also be addressed in certain degree, this will be done primarily to show complexities of some physical process that can be modeled, rather than to prove correctness of the concrete values computed here. While this in itself can be the objective in some future work toward the formal proof of the probability, extent, and timing of oceans on Mars, the basic idea here is to show the basic principles of MTSP, and its potential for addressing LPS-related phenomena. Here, I attempt to show how this approach can: (1) provide large amounts of previously unknown information about physical processes on the surface of the planet, (2) lead to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the surface of the planet, and/or (3) help constrain the amount of resurfacing. Coupled with other current methodologies, MTSP can result in a better understanding of the history of Mars, as well as other lunar and planetary bodies.     

一种具有互锁功能的比例驱动电路的分析研究

介绍一种应用于双极型功率晶体管的比例驱动电路，它具有优良的驱动特性，能有效地减小功率开关管的开关损耗及存储时间，电路设置互锁功能防止桥臂上下两功率管的共同导通，保证逆变桥功率管可靠工作及减小驱动电路对输出波形的影响，尤其适用于ＳＰＷＭ桥式逆变器中，该电路已获得成功的应用，文中对该驱动电路及驱动变压器铁芯的磁化状态作了深入的分析和研究。     

An investigation of the solar cycle impact on the lower thermosphere O(S) nightglow emission as observed by WINDII/UARS

The yearly variation of the integrated emission rate of the O(¹S) nightglow in the lower thermosphere is studied and the solar cycle impact is examined from the observations of the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) operated on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). More than 300,000 volume emission rate profiles of the O(¹S) nightglow observed by WINDII for 40°S–40°N latitudes during November 1991–August 1997 over half of a solar cycle are utilized. These profiles are vertically integrated for the altitude range of 80–100 km and the equivalent column integrated emission rates are then zonally averaged for bins with 10° latitude and 3 month intervals. It is found that for each latitude the O(¹S) nightglow emission rate appears to increase with increasing solar F10.7 cm flux, following a linear relationship. This characterizes the solar cycle impact on the O(¹S) nightglow, while the solar influence is modulated by a seasonal variation. Based on these variations, an empirical formula is derived for predicting the three-month averages of the O(¹S) nightglow integrated emission rate. The standard error of the estimated values from the formula is smaller than 30 Rayleigh.     

基于检查单机制的过程剪裁方法CPTM

如何对组织标准化软件过程进行合理剪裁从而得到真正适合项目特点的项目定义软件过程是 一个既关键又复杂的技术.首先阐述了组织标准化软件过程;然后介绍了过程剪裁,深入分析 了4个影响过程剪裁的方面,在此基础上,提出一种基于检查单机制的过程剪裁方法CPTM(Ch ecklist-based Process Tailoring Method),并详细描述了运用它进行过程剪裁的步骤; 最后给出了CPTM的一个应用实例.实践证明,CPTM使过程剪裁简便易行,大大减少了软件组 织在过程剪裁上的投入.      

发动机控制系统限时派遣运行的成本优化方法

限时派遣TLD可以提高飞机的签派可靠度,降低由于航班延误或取消导致的运行损失。面向TLD分析建立了典型发动机控制系统马尔可夫模型,利用连续时间马尔可夫链CTMC推导了状态稳态频率公式,构建了系统单位时间运行成本模型。以平均完整性要求及签派可靠度要求为约束条件,以带故障派遣时间为决策变量,以系统单位时间运行成本以及签派可靠度为优化目标,分别构建了TLD分析的单目标和多目标优化模型。结合简化的发动机控制系统和实际全权限数字式发动机电子控制FADEC系统给出了工程应用实例,验证了模型的有效性。实例表明本文方法能够保证飞机在满足安全性要求和签派可靠度要求的条件下降低运行成本。