Preliminary evidence for drizzle in the middle cloud layer of Venus

Vertical trajectory data from the VEGA 1 and 2 balloon flights in the atmosphere of Venus is re-analyzed. A previously employed helium leak rate profile invoked to entirely account for the decrease in equilibrium float altitude of VEGA 2 is questioned and deemed ad hoc. As an alternative, it is proposed that both VEGA 1 and 2 experienced in-flight mass increases due to the deposition of cloud particles onto their envelopes, as well as losing helium at a reduced rate consistent with the pre-flight prediction. Particle deposition rates are estimated and found to be compatible with this alternative scenario. Possible evidence for drizzle is also presented. Preliminary experiments to derive aerosol deposition rate on a flat plate and the maximum feasible liquid mass that may be accumulated on a near-spherical envelope are briefly described. Further experimental work is recommended to constrain the deposition efficiency values involved and the maximum feasible drizzle fluxes that could have been encountered by both VEGA 1 and 2.     

Origin and stability of lunar polar volatiles

Temperature regime at the LCROSS impact site is studied. All detected species in the Cabeus crater as well as CH₄ and CO clathrate hydrates except H₂, CO, and CH₄ are stable against evaporation at the LCROSS impact site. CO and CH₄ can be chemisorbed at the surface of the regolith particles and exist in the form of clathrate hydrates in the lunar cold traps. Flux rates of delivery of volatile species by asteroids, micrometeoroids, O-rich, C-rich, and low-speed comets into the permanently shadowed regions are estimated. Significant amounts of H₂O, CO, H₂, H₂S, SO₂, and CO₂ can be impact-produced during collisions between asteroids and O-rich comets with the Moon while CH₃OH, NH₃ and complex organic species survive during low-speed comet impacts as products of disequilibrium processes. C-rich comets are main sources of CH₄, and C₂H₄.     

汽车涂装公害及处理技术

对涂装污染物的种类、成分和性质进行了分析，重点介绍了针对涂装废气的水幕净化法、高温燃烧法、吸收荆吸收和高效吸附剂吸附等处理技术；针对废水的脱脂废液酸化破乳处理、废酸液的中和处理、电泳废液的混凝剂处理和喷漆废水的试剂预处理及混凝沉淀等，这些方法科学、先进，具有较强的实用性和可操作性。     

环境介质对脉冲放电强化层厚度和硬度的影响

摘 要 本文通过在不同的环境介质下进行强化实验发现，在氮气和二氧化碳气氛中采用高脉冲能量强化可获得较厚的强化层，且强化层硬度明显高于空气中获得的强化层。另外二氧化碳和氮气相比，前者的强化层硬度更高些。     

Location of layered structures in the ionosphere and atmosphere by use of GPS occultation data

A method is introduced to locate the layered structures in the atmosphere and ionosphere based on simultaneous observations of radio wave intensity and phase variations in trans-ionospheric satellite-to-satellite links. The method determines location of a tangent point on the trans-ionospheric ray trajectory where gradient of refractivity is perpendicular to the ray trajectory and influence of a layered structure on radio wave parameters is maximal. An estimate of the location of a layer can be obtained from a combination of the phase and intensity variations. This new technique was applied to measurements provided during FORMOSAT-3 and CHAMP radio occultation (RO) missions. For the considered RO events the location of the inclined plasma layer in the lower ionosphere is found and the electron density distribution is retrieved. The method is checked by measuring the location of the tangent point on the ray trajectory in the neutral gas in the atmosphere. The results showed a fairly good agreement.     

基于实测数据的大气密度反演方法及应用研究

针对中长期的平均大气密度反演问题,以我国典型遥感卫星运行轨道数据作为基础,采用实测数据反演大气密度并对MSIS00模型进行局部修正,并将修正后的模型应用于遥感卫星推进剂的预算,仿真结果表明：得到的修正大气模型具有较高的准确度,且采用修正后的大气模型得到的轨道维持推进剂消耗比修正前减少了近35%,达到了在保障卫星安全运行基础上最大限度降低整星质量的目的。研究结果还可用于我国未来航天器的高精度轨道预报、推进剂预算、碰撞规避等任务。     

Analysis of NASA’s DSN Venus Express radio occultation data for year 2014

The Venus Express Radio Science Experiment (VeRa) was part of the scientific payload of the Venus Express (VEX) spacecraft and was targeted at the investigation of Venus’ atmosphere, surface, and gravity field as well as the interplanetary medium. This paper describes the methods and the required calibrations applied to VEX-VeRa raw radio occultation data used to retrieve vertical profiles of Venus’ ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. In this work we perform an independent analysis of a set of 25 VEX, single-frequency (X-band), occultations carried out in 2014, recorded in open-loop at the NASA Deep Space Network. Our temperature, pressure and electron density vertical profiles are in agreement with previous studies available in the literature. Furthermore, our analysis shows that Venus’ ionosphere is more influenced by the day/night condition than the latitude variations, while the neutral atmosphere experiences the opposite. Our scientific interpretation of these results is based on two major responsible effects: Venus’ high thermal inertia and the zonal winds. Their presence within Venus’ neutral atmosphere determine why in these regions a latitude dependence is predominant on the day/night condition. On the contrary, at higher altitudes the two aforementioned effects are less important or null, and Venus’ ionosphere shows higher electron density peaks in the probed day-time occultations, regardless of the latitude.