Effects of restitution,friction, and attitude on 2D low-velocity rigid-body impacts

The impact of nonspherical bodies is complex, even at low velocities where contacting bodies are assumed to be rigid. Models of varying complexity (e.g. finite element methods) can be used to evaluate such impacts, but it is advantageous to use impulsive models such as that by Stronge, which are computationally inexpensive and governed by (fixed) material interaction coefficients. Stronge’s model parameterizes nonspherical rigid-body impacts with energetic restitution and Coulomb friction coefficients. This model was successfully used in large-scale simulations of ballistic lander deployment to asteroids and comets, whose trajectories involve dozens of chaotic bounces. To better understand the complex dynamics of these bouncing trajectories, this paper performs a dedicated study of idealized bouncing in two dimensions and on a flat plane, in order to limit the involved degrees of freedom. Using a numerical implementation of Stronge’s model, the motion of a bouncing square is simulated with different impact conditions: the square’s impact attitude, velocity, and mass distribution as well as the surface restitution and friction coefficients. The simulation results are used to investigate how these conditions affect the bouncing motion of the square, with a distinction between first impacts with zero angular velocity and successive impacts in which the square is spinning. This reveals how a single “macroscopic” bounce that separates two ballistic arcs may often consist of multiple micro-impacts that occur in quick succession. For the different impact conditions, we show how the number of micro-impacts per macro-bounce varies, as well as the normal, tangential, and total kinematic restitution coefficients. These are different from the energetic material restitution coefficient that parameterizes the impact. Finally, we examine how the settling time and distance of the bouncing trajectories change. These trends provide insight into the bouncing motion of ballistic lander spacecraft in small-body microgravity.     

Economic assessment of high-thrust and solar-sail propulsion for near-earth asteroid mining

Asteroid mining has the potential to greatly reduce the cost of in-space manufacturing, production of propellant for space transportation and consumables for crewed spacecraft, compared to launching the required resources from the Earth’s deep gravity well. This paper discusses the top-level mission architecture and trajectory design for these resource-return missions, comparing high-thrust trajectories with continuous low-thrust solar-sail trajectories. The paper focuses on maximizing the economic Net Present Value, which takes the time-cost of finance into account and therefore balances the returned resource mass and mission duration. The different propulsion methods are compared in terms of maximum economic return and sets of attainable target asteroids. Results for transporting resources to geostationary orbit show that the orbital parameter hyperspace of suitable target asteroids is considerably larger for solar sails, allowing for more flexibility in selecting potential target asteroids. Also, results show that the Net Present Value that can be realized is larger when employing solar sailing instead of chemical propulsion. In addition, it is demonstrated that a higher Net Present Value can be realized when transporting volatiles to the Lunar Gateway instead of geostationary orbit. The paper provides one more step towards making commercial asteroid mining an economically viable reality by integrating trajectory design, propulsion technology and economic modelling.     

蜜蜂悬停飞行控制的仿生力学研究

研究蜜蜂悬停飞行的控制问题.用数值求解N-S方程的方法计算拍动翅体的控制导数;用特征模态分析方法分析控制特性.文中δu,δω,δq和δθ分别为水平方向速度,垂直方向速度,俯仰角速度和俯仰角度的扰动量;δ(φ)和δ(φ)分别为拍动幅度和拍动平均角增量;δα1表示上、下拍迎角同时增加的增量;δα2表示下拍迎角增加(或减小)而上拍迎角减小(或增加)的增量.获得以下结果:(1)悬停飞行时,改变Φ和α1主要产生垂直力的变化;改变φ主要产生俯仰力矩的变化;改变α2主要产生水平力及俯仰力矩的变化.(2)蜜蜂悬停飞行的纵向扰动运动由3个特征模态构成:不稳定振荡模态,快衰减模态和慢衰减模态;为实现稳定的悬停飞行,不稳定振荡模态和慢衰减模态需要控制.为控制不稳定振荡模态,以δ(φ)(或δα2)反馈δu,δq和δθ这3个量的某种组合便可;为控制慢衰减模态,以δ(φ)(或δα1)反馈δω便可.这就是说,该昆虫只需用控制变量δ(φ)和δ(φ)(或δ(φ)和δα2,δα1和δ(φ)1,δα1和δα2),便可稳定地悬停(当然也可4个控制变量都用).     

直升机海面悬停时精确高度的维纳滤波提取法

研究了直升机作海面低高度(１５ｍ)悬停时获取精确高度的维纳滤波组合系统。高度量测来自捷联垂直加速度计和无线电高度表。维纳滤波器根据海浪、无线电高度表噪声和加速度计噪声三种随机干扰的功率谱采用伯特一香农设计法获得。对组合系统作了五种环境下的滤波仿真,结果表明：该系统既能有效滤除上述三种干扰,又能准确跟踪悬停高度的变化。     

用强耦合RANS方法模拟旋翼悬停流场

在旋转坐标系下,将Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)一方程湍流模型和Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes(RANS)方程耦合成一个新的RANS方程,并发展了基于多块重叠网格的强耦合RANS求解方法,用于直升机旋翼悬停流场的数值模拟.为了提高计算效率,针对多重网格方法在多块重叠网格上实施的困难,提出了一种基于重叠网格的多重网格实施方法.通过对Caradonna-Tung(C-T)和ONERA 7A旋翼悬停算例验证了发展的强耦合RANS方法和基于重叠网格的多重网格实施方法的有效性.研究结果表明:发展的基于重叠网格的多重网格方法有较高的计算效率,3层网格的加速比约为7.7;强耦合RANS法的计算精度明显高于传统的松耦合RANS方法,特别是在与阻力相关性能参数的预测中,强耦合RANS方法的预测结果更加精确.     

直升机旋翼桨尖形状初步研究

直升机旋翼桨尖形状由简单的矩形改变为先进形状可改善直升机性能,降低旋翼产生的振动和噪声。本文在简介国内外直升机旋翼桨尖形状研究情况的基础上,着重叙述近期在南京航空学院直升机技术研究所旋翼台上进行的四种不同桨尖形状旋翼悬停性能初步试验研究,给出了试验结果及其分析。试验的四种桨尖是:(a)矩形桨尖;(b)后掠(或直线后掠)桨尖;(C)尖削桨尖,(d)后掠抛物桨尖。对于(b)、(c),后掠或尖削从 r=O.9R 处开始,而(d)后掠抛物从 r=o.85R 开始。文中给出了试验所得桨尖对拉力、功率、悬停效率的影响曲线,并进行了相应分析,试验及分析结果表明,桨尖形状的改进确实能提高旋翼的悬停效率,改善性能。尖削形状的旋翼拉力可提高6%以上,而悬停效率亦可提高5%。     

共轴双旋翼与单旋翼悬停流场实验测量值的对比

以三维激光多普勒测速仪测得的数据为基础，全面比较了共轴式双旋翼与单旋翼尾迹流场中轴向、径向和周向速度的特点与差异。分析指出，由于双旋翼相互间的气动干扰，导致其流场与单旋翼的明显不同，而这些不同沿各向异性，轴向最大，径向次之，周向最小。文中对周向速度表现出的异乎寻常的特点作了进一步的说明，这对建立共轴式双旋翼尾迹流场的数学模型具有重要意义。     

Regolith effects in planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: Laboratory studies at 1.7–6.4 keV

Laboratory measurements are presented to study the effects of the physical properties of regolith on planetary soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Two laboratory setups are used to independently measure these regolith effects using lunar regolith analog samples with three different particle-size ranges. Discussion is given on the data analysis. Some of the data may be valid only for qualitative conclusions. Analytical modelling is used to separate the effects expected for a plane-parallel and homogeneous medium from those of measured regolith analogs. The surface roughness and porosity of the regolith are observed to induce an enhancement of the higher-energy part of the spectrum as a function of the incidence angle. The enhancement is larger for rougher surfaces. A brief discussion is given on the relevance of this study for future planetary missions carrying soft X-ray spectrometers.     

Advanced Technologies Demonstrated by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer (MICAS) Aboard Deep Space 1

MICAS is an integrated multi-channel instrument that includes an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (80–185 nm), two high-resolution visible imagers (10–20 μrad/pixel, 400–900 nm), and a short-wavelength infrared imaging spectrometer (1250–2600 nm). The wavelength ranges were chosen to maximize the science data that could be collected using existing semiconductor technologies and avoiding the need for multi-octave spectrometers. It was flown on DS1 to validate technologies derived from the development of PICS (Planetary Imaging Camera Spectrometer). These technologies provided a novel systems approach enabling the miniaturization and integration of four instruments into one entity, spanning a wavelength range from the UV to IR, and from ambient to cryogenic temperatures with optical performance at a fraction of a wavelength. The specific technologies incorporated were: a built-in fly-by sequence; lightweight and ultra-stable, monolithic silicon-carbide construction, which enabled room-temperature alignment for cryogenic (85–140 K) performance, and provided superb optical performance and immunity to thermal distortion; diffraction-limited, shared optics operating from 80 to 2600 nm; advanced detector technologies for the UV, visible and short-wavelength IR; high-performance thermal radiators coupled directly to the short-wave infrared (SWIR) detector optical bench, providing an instrument with a mass less than 10 kg, instrument power less than 10 W, and total instrument cost of less than ten million dollars. The design allows the wavelength range to be extended by at least an octave at the short wavelength end and to ∼50 microns at the long wavelength end. Testing of the completed instrument demonstrated excellent optical performance down to 77 K, which would enable a greatly reduced background for longer wavelength detectors. During the Deep Space 1 Mission, MICAS successfully collected images and spectra for asteroid 9969 Braille, Mars, and comet 19/P Borrelly. The Borrelly encounter was a scientific hallmark providing the first clear, high resolution images and excellent, short-wavelength infrared spectra of the surface of an active comet’s nucleus.     

航天器环绕小行星Ivar的运动分析

将小行星Ivar近似为三轴椭球体，给出了非球形引力势函数，建立了航天器环绕小行星Ivar的轨道动力学方程。利用Jacobi积分常数绘制了航天器在Ivar周围的零速度曲线，并分析了航天器的可能运动区域，给出了航天器不碰撞小行星Ivar的边界条件及不同偏心率下的近拱点半径。分析了小行星Ivar扁率和椭率对环绕轨道的影响，数学仿真结果表明：在一个轨道周期内，顺行轨道的开普勒能量、轨道角动量、偏心率和近拱点半径变化较大，而逆行轨道的相应参数变化较小。