直升机悬停纵向运动模态的耦合

针对直升机运动模态内状态量间的耦合,提出了一种定量分析方法.该方法基于解耦得到的运动模态,结合气动导数矩阵,定量描述运动模态内状态量间的耦合,通过耦合的瞬时特性和积分特性定量区分各耦合.以Lynx,Bo105和Puma直升机为例,分析了三者悬停纵向运动模态的耦合特性.分析表明,纵向线速度通过空速稳定性对俯仰角速度的耦合作用在不稳定的悬停纵向振荡模态中起重要作用.基于算例的定量分析,筛选主要耦合得到简化模型,因此得到的运动模态固有频率和阻尼比的偏差小于2%,优于文献中的简化模型,说明了通过定量分析得到简化模型的可行性.      

Rapid impactor sample return (RISR) mission scenario

Due to the long lead time and great expense of traditional sample return mission plans to Mars or other astronomical bodies, there is a need for a new and innovative way to return materials, potentially at a lower cost. The Rapid Impactor Sample Return (RISR) mission is one such proposal. The general mission scenario involves a single pass of Mars, a Martian moon or an asteroid at high speeds (7 km/s), with the sample return vehicle skimming just 1 or 2 m above a high point (such as a top ridge on Olympus Mons on Mars) and releasing an impactor. The impactor strikes the ground, throwing up debris. The debris with roughly the same forward velocity will be captured by the sample return vehicle and returned to Earth. There is no delay or orbit in the vicinity of Mars or the asteroid: RISR is a one-pass mission. This paper discusses some of the details of the proposal. Calculations are presented that address the question of how much material can be recovered with this technique. There are concerns about the effect of Mars tenuous atmosphere. However, it will be noted that such issues do not occur for RISR style missions to Phobos, Deimos, or asteroids and Near Earth Objects (NEOs). Recent test results in the missile defense community (IFTs 6–8 in 2001, 2002) have scored direct hits at better than 1 m accuracy with closing velocities of 7.6 km/s, giving the belief that accuracy and sensing issues are developed to a point that the RISR mission scenario is feasible.     

米-8型直升机侧风悬停反操纵原因与分析

本文以米-8型直升机侧风悬停试飞数据为依据,在涡原理论基础上,分析了反操纵现象,并做出侧风悬停方向舵曲线,供直升机驾驶员飞行时参考。     

基于状态转移矩阵的航天器多脉冲悬停方法

基于航天器相对运动的状态转移矩阵描述,研究了空间相对悬停的多脉冲控制方法,解决了工程实践中连续推力悬停轨道控制技术对航天器控制推进系统要求较高的难题。给出了两航天器在圆、椭圆和双曲线等圆锥曲线参考轨道上相对运动的状态转移矩阵描述。在此基础上,定性分析了椭圆参考轨道偏心率对悬停精度的影响,推导了航天器多脉冲悬停速度脉冲控制量的计算方法。数值仿真算例显示,该方法可有效实现一定悬停精度要求下的空间相对悬停控制,且随着一个轨道周期内脉冲数的增加,相对悬停的效果得到提升。     

Human spaceflight and an asteroid redirect mission: Why?

The planning of human spaceflight programmes is an exercise in careful rationing of a scarce and expensive resource. Current NASA plans are to develop the new capability for human-rated launch into space to replace the Space Transportation System (STS), more commonly known as the Space Shuttle, combined with a heavy lift capability, and followed by an eventual Mars mission. As an intermediate step towards Mars, NASA proposes to venture beyond Low Earth Orbit to cis-lunar space to visit a small asteroid which will be captured and moved to lunar orbit by a separate robotic mission. The rationale for this and how to garner support from the scientific community for such an asteroid mission are discussed. Key points that emerge are that a programme usually has greater legitimacy when it emerges from public debate, mostly via a Presidential Commission, a report by the National Research Council or a Decadal Review of science goals etc. Also, human spaceflight missions need to have support from a wide range of interested communities. Accordingly, an outline scientific case for a human visit to an asteroid is made. Further, it is argued here that the scientific interest in an asteroid mission needs to be included early in the planning stages, so that the appropriate capabilities (here the need for drilling cores and carrying equipment to, and returning samples from, the asteroid) can be included.     

航天器多脉冲悬停控制的非线性方法

为解决连续推力空间悬停控制技术对航天器控制推进系统要求较高、工程上难于实现的问题,提出基于Clohessy-Wiltshire方程的多脉冲悬停控制方法。以轨道要素外推的飞行状态非线性预测方法和脉冲悬停控制量优化算法,对悬停脉冲进行了优化,可以实现主动航天器在目标航天器附近任意点的近似稳定悬停。给出的多脉冲悬停控制方法及控制量非线性优化算法考虑了地球非球形引力摄动J2项影响,补偿了Clohessy-Wiltshire方程的线性化误差,能有效提高悬停精度。仿真结果表明,多脉冲悬停控制方法的燃料消耗与连续推力悬停方法相比没有明显增加,不会对主动航天器带来过大的燃料消耗压力。     

翼间干涉效应对蜻蜓悬停气动性能的影响

蜻蜓在悬停飞行过程中,通过控制翅膀的运动规律,进行前后翅相位差为180°的扑翼运动。为了分析两对翅膀之间的干涉效应对悬停气动性能的影响,利用计算流体力学手段对蜻蜓悬停状态的串列扑翼和单对翅扑翼进行模拟。通过对两种模式下的流场进行分析,并计算对比了悬停效率、气动力及气动功率的数据,发现了悬停状态下翼间干涉的气动效应：尾迹集中效应和来流偏折效应。尾迹集中效应可以减少翅膀附近的涡耗散和尾迹耗散,提高悬停效率;来流偏折效应可以通过减小后翅在下拍过程中的来流攻角,从而降低前缘涡的尺寸和强度,降低悬停功率。数值结果表明：在运动规律相同的情况下,与单独拍动的前翅和后翅进行的悬停相比,串列双翅悬停的效率分别提高了18.6%和25.5%,功率分别降低了4.8%和14.0%。     

相对失控翻滚目标悬停的自适应模糊滑模控制

研究了含有系统不确定性和外部干扰的追踪器相对失控翻滚目标悬停的六自由度耦合控制问题。首先,在追踪器本体坐标系中建立了非线性的六自由度耦合的一体化动力学模型,将悬停控制问题转化为相对位置和相对姿态控制问题。再基于模糊逼近原理设计了一种自适应的模糊滑模控制器,该控制器能够有效克服系统的模型不确定性和外部干扰的影响,并能消除传统的抖振问题。由Lyapunov方法导出了模糊自适应律并证明了闭环系统的稳定性。数值仿真验证了所提的自适应模糊滑模控制器的有效性。     

旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响

为研究旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,建立了基于自由尾迹法和2阶升力线法的共轴双旋翼气动模型,分别计算和分析了共轴双旋翼的旋翼翼型、上下旋翼半径之比、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比等参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,最后基于分析结果综合优化了悬停状态下各旋翼的几何参数.结果表明:旋翼翼型、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比对共轴双旋翼悬停性能有一定的影响,上下旋翼间距对其影响较小,综合优化旋翼在拉力系数为0.01时与基准旋翼相比,扭矩系数降低10.5%,悬停效率提高9.5%.     

直升机自动过渡悬停飞行控制系统设计

为实现直升机自动过渡悬停功能，在具有优良操纵特性的直升机显模型跟踪控制系统(MFCS)基础上，开发了自动过渡悬停控制系统。根据过渡悬停机动模态的基本要求，设计了高度控制回路，以实现高度通道按抛物线下降，接着进行线性下降并最终过渡到指数拉平。设计了纵向速度控制回路，使速度先按指定的减加速度线性减速，再按指数规律减速至悬停，且两通道之间协调控制，保证当直升机高度接近悬停高度时，纵向速度同步地趋近于零。文中给出了系统结构配置及参数设计方法。仿真表明，本文直升机自动过渡悬停系统具有优良的物理特性。