蜻蜓翼三维流动结构的演变

为了与蜻蜓前后翼流动干扰的流动结构作比较,首先研究了悬停飞行状态下单个蜻蜓翼周围的三维流动结构,利用一套机电拍动翼运动模拟机构模拟了一个蜻蜓翼的拍动,使用数字体视粒子图像测速技术(DSPIV,Digital Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry)和多切面锁相技术分别测量了两个下拍拍动相位时刻(t=0.25T,0.375T)和两个上拍拍动相位时刻(t=0.75T,0.875T)蜻蜓翼周围的瞬时空间三维流场,运用局部涡识别准则中的λci准则来识别和显示了流场中的三维涡结构,还展示了蜻蜓翼各个展向测量截面中的|ωz|等值线、蜻蜓翼前缘涡的涡核线相对于蜻蜓翼上翼面的空间位置以及前缘涡在各个展向测量截面中的截面环量等.实验结果揭示了蜻蜓翼周围的三维流动结构在蜻蜓翼拍动时的演变历程.     

悬停状态下无轴承尾浆气弹稳定性分析

新型发愤浆型式无轴承尾浆的气弹稳定性分析非常复杂，而目前国内在这方面的研究还是空白。本文试图建立一套有工程实用意义的无轴承尾浆气弹稳定性分析方法和相应的分析程序，并进行参数影响分析和计算。在前期研究工作的基础上，本文推导出正交各向异性复合材料梁的应变能变分表达式，并将其用于推导旋翼／机身耦合系统的运动方程。再通过对系统的稳态周期解进行摄动，得到相应的线化周期时变动力学方程，用Floquet理论判断系统的稳定性。最后，分析计算了悬停状态下某无人直升机无轴承尾桨的气弹稳定性，表明其孤立桨叶及尾桨／传动轴／尾梁的耦合系统是稳定的；并进行了参数分析，得到一些有意义的结论。     

悬停状态旋翼流场显示的试验研究

介绍了悬停状态旋翼流场显示的试验方法及相应的试验装置，阐述了用干冰汽化时产生的烟雾作为流场显示介质的优越性。指出显示介质的选用应综合考虑介质对流场显示效果的影响、介质对设备和操作人员的危害及试验的经济性和可行性等因素。并对烟雾喷嘴与旋翼相对位置对流场真实性的影响进行了研究，着重研究了浆尖涡喷嘴的不同径向位置位置对流场边界的影响及确保流场真实边界应采取的措施。最后，用试验的方法定性分析了浆叶片数、浆尖速度及浆叶安装角对悬停状态旋翼流场几何开状的影响。试验结果表明，本文研究方法与国外同类试验相比，在达到同样的流场显示效果的情况下，具有试验费用低、操作简便和对人、设备无危害的优点。     

飞行器围绕小行星的轨道运动

分析了飞行器围绕小行星轨道运动的特点，介绍了所建立的表述这一问题的理论基础。采用三种不同方法从几个侧面揭示了这一问题的本质特征。给出了所完成的研究这一问题的进展、结果和相互联系，其中包括轨道摄动、共振运动和周期轨道运动。这一问题的核心和难点是轨道的稳定性问题。     

悬停状态下旋翼噪声声源反演的正则化方法

根据旋翼辐射的气动噪声求解气动声学反问题,给定合理的旋翼表面载荷并结合声类比方法得到观测点的信号,以此进行表面载荷反演。对建立的大型不适定性方程组采用奇异值分解结合正则化方法进行求解,为克服反演结果存在的数值振荡,采用多项式函数来表示未知量,并引入库塔条件作为先验信息。结果表明:理想条件下,该方法得到的旋翼表面的压力分布更接近输入值,尤其在载荷分布较大的叶尖区域,考虑干扰噪声影响后,该方法得到的展向截面吸力峰位置的最大相对误差从15%减小到4%。      

小行星探测器测试发射模式研究

针对小行星探测器测试发射的特点,对影响小行星探测器测试发射模式选择的准则和因素进行深入分析,采用层次分析法和二级评判准则,建立了小行星探测器测试发射模式的多属性决策模型,在影响因素集定性讨论和决策模型定量分析的基础上,提出了小行星探测器测试发射模式的2种备选方案。     

Motion of ejecta around a binary system with an ellipsoid and a sphere

A kinetic impact occurs when an asteroid is moving. The impact may be caused by other small celestial body or an artificial object. Ejecta is produced from an impact. Dynamics of ejecta near a binary system which contains an ellipsoid and a sphere is analyzed. A phase diagram which comes from numerical simulation is shown in this work. The phase diagram shows a clear structure. Some special trajectories are also shown, which indicates a potential source of asteroid orbiting objects.     

High precision dynamic model and control considering J2 perturbation for spacecraft hovering in low orbit

For spacecraft hovering in low orbit, a high precision spacecraft relative dynamics model without any simplification and considering J₂ perturbation is established in this paper. Using the derived model, open-loop control and closed-loop control are proposed respectively. Gauss's variation equations and the coordinate transformation method are combined to deal with the relative J₂ perturbation between the two spacecraft. The sliding mode controller is adopted as the closed-loop controller for spacecraft hovering. To improve the control accuracy, the relative J₂ perturbation is regarded as a known parameter term in the closed-loop controller. The external uncertainty perturbations except J₂ perturbation are estimated by numerical difference method, and the boundary layer method is used to weaken the impact of chattering on the sliding mode controller. The open-loop control of spacecraft hovering with the relative J₂ perturbation and without the relative J₂ perturbation are simulated and compared, and the results prove that the accuracy of open-loop control with relative J₂ perturbation has been significantly improved. Similarly, the simulation of the closed-loop control are presented to validate the effectiveness of the designed sliding mode controller, and the results demonstrate that the designed sliding mode controller including the derived relative J₂ perturbation can guarantee the high accuracy and robustness of spacecraft hovering in long-term mission.     

A multiple-rendezvous,sample-return mission to two near-Earth asteroids

We propose a dual-rendezvous mission, targeting near-Earth asteroids, including sample-return. The mission, Asteroid Sampling Mission (ASM), consists of two parts: (i) flyby and remote sensing of a Q-type asteroid, and (ii) sampling of a V-type asteroid. The targeted undifferentiated Q-type are found mainly in the near-Earth space, and to this date have not been the target of a space mission. We have chosen, for our sampling target, an asteroid from the basaltic class (V-type), as asteroids in this class exhibit spectral signatures that resemble those of the well-studied Howardite–Eucrite–Diogenite (HED) meteorite suite. With this mission, we expect to answer specific questions about the links between differentiated meteorites and asteroids, as well as gain further insight into the broader issues of early Solar System (SS) evolution and the formation of terrestrial planets. To achieve the mission, we designed a spacecraft with a dry mass of less than 3 tonnes that uses electric propulsion with a solar-electric power supply of 15 kW at 1 Astronomical Unit (AU). The mission includes a series of remote sensing instruments, envisages landing of the whole spacecraft on the sampling target, and employs an innovative sampling mechanism. Launch is foreseen to occur in 2018, as the designed timetable, and the mission would last about 10 years, bringing back a 150 g subsurface sample within a small re-entry capsule. This paper is a work presented at the 2008 Summer School Alpbach,“Sample return from the Moon, asteroids and comets” organized by the Aeronautics and Space Agency of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency. It is co-sponsored by ESA and the national space authorities of its Member and Co-operating States, with the support of the International Space Science Institute and Austrospace.     

Finite-time asteroid hovering via multiple-overlapping-horizon multiple-model predictive control

This paper investigates the asteroid hovering problem using the Multiple-Overlapping-Horizon Multiple-Model Predictive Control method. The effectiveness of the predictive controllers in satisfying control constraints and minimizing the required control effort is making Model Predictive Control a desirable control method for asteroid exploration missions which consist of the asteroid hovering phase. However, the computational burden of Model Predictive Control is an obstacle to employing the asteroid’s complex gravitational field model. As an alternative option, the Multiple Horizon Multiple-Model Predictive Control method has been introduced previously, which could provide a solution with the less computational burden with respect to the nonlinear Model Predictive Control. It was shown that it is not necessary to deduce the exact dynamics model to predict the system’s behavior during a long period using this approach. However, the calculated control acceleration was not smooth enough because of the crisp borders of consecutive horizons, which may cause an image motion and degrades the geometric accuracy of high-resolution images in asteroid hovering missions. In this paper, the Multiple-Overlapping-Horizon Multiple-Model Predictive Control method is introduced instead to solve the problem of controlling acceleration fluctuations by overlapping consecutive horizons. Numerical simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method, and its advantage is demonstrated accordingly for the asteroid hovering problem in achieving the hovering position and velocity.