Design of a formation of solar pumped lasers for asteroid deflection

This paper presents the design of a multi-spacecraft system for the deflection of asteroids. Each spacecraft is equipped with a fibre laser and a solar concentrator. The laser induces the sublimation of a portion of the surface of the asteroid, and the resultant jet of gas and debris thrusts the asteroid off its natural course. The main idea is to have a formation of spacecraft flying in the proximity of the asteroid with all the spacecraft beaming to the same location to achieve the required deflection thrust. The paper presents the design of the formation orbits and the multi-objective optimisation of the formation in order to minimise the total mass in space and maximise the deflection of the asteroid. The paper demonstrates how significant deflections can be obtained with relatively small sized, easy-to-control spacecraft.     

On tethered sample and mooring systems near irregular asteroids

A tethered asteroid sample and mooring system is investigated in this paper. In this system the spacecraft is moored to the surface of an irregular asteroid such as 216 Kleopatra by using a rocket-propelled anchor with a cable. The rocket-propelled anchor is a kind of space penetrator, which can inject into asteroids at high speeds generated by its own rocket engine. It can be used to explore the interior structure of asteroids, and it can also be used as a sample collector. When the sampling mission is done, the sample can be pulled back to the spacecraft with the anchor. Using this method, the spacecraft can be kept in a safe region in which it cannot be trapped by the gravitational field of the asteroid. This work is concerned with the dynamics of the tethered system near irregular asteroids. First, a shape model and gravitational field model of irregular asteroids are built. Then, the configuration and the stability of the tethered system are investigated, and the quasi-periodic motion near the equilibrium point of the tethered system is analyzed. Finally, the non-uniform density distribution of the asteroids is considered. The deployment process and the oscillation of the tethered system in the uncertain asteroid gravity field are simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The feasibility of the tethered asteroid sample and mooring system is proved.     

小行星探测器轨迹优化方法

对小行星探测器轨迹优化方法进行了综述。介绍了直接法中的直接打靶法、直接配点法、伪谱法、微分包含法,以及间接法两种典型的轨迹优化方法,分析了其优缺点,以及在小行星轨迹优化中的应用。介绍了智能优化算法中的遗传算法、模拟退火算法、粒子群算法和多目标进化算法,分析了其相对传统优化方法的优缺点,以及相应的改进方法。     

基于自适应的月球着陆器悬停避障方法

摘要： 考虑质量和推力不确定性,月球着陆器在悬停避障时将难以快速稳定到设计高度.为解决此问题,提出一种基于自适应的高精度悬停避障方法,其核心是利用位置测量作为观测器的输入,对质量和推力不确定性进行快速估计和补偿.与基于PID的方案相比,该方案具有估计速度更快的优点,能够快速实现高精度的悬停避障控制.最后对所提方法给出仿真验证.     

Spacecraft formation flying for Earth-crossing object deflections using a power limited laser ablating

A formation flying strategy with an Earth-crossing object (ECO) is proposed to avoid the Earth collision. Assuming that a future conceptual spacecraft equipped with a powerful laser ablation tool already rendezvoused with a fictitious Earth collision object, the optimal required laser operating duration and direction histories are accurately derived to miss the Earth. Based on these results, the concept of formation flying between the object and the spacecraft is applied and analyzed as to establish the spacecraft’s orbital motion design strategy. A fictitious “Apophis”-like object is established to impact with the Earth and two major deflection scenarios are designed and analyzed. These scenarios include the cases for the both short and long laser operating duration to avoid the Earth impact. Also, requirement of onboard laser tool’s for both cases are discussed. As a result, the optimal initial conditions for the spacecraft to maintain its relative trajectory to the object are discovered. Additionally, the discovered optimal initial conditions also satisfied the optimal required laser operating conditions with no additional spacecraft’s own fuel expenditure to achieve the spacecraft formation flying with the ECO. The initial conditions founded in the current research can be used as a spacecraft’s initial rendezvous points with the ECO when designing the future deflection missions with laser ablation tools. The results with proposed strategy are expected to make more advances in the fields of the conceptual studies, especially for the future deflection missions using powerful laser ablation tools.     

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

非定常预处理方法在倾转旋翼飞行器悬停状态气动干扰模拟中的应用

针对倾转旋翼飞行器的多种速度尺度并存的复杂流动问题,发展了能够统一求解同时包含不可压缩流动和可压缩流动的非定常预处理方法和一种考虑了流场物理信息传播方向的预处理远场边界条件。结合适用于倾转旋翼飞行器的复杂外形及大位移问题的非结构混合网格技术和重叠插值技术,建立了倾转旋翼飞行器的数值模拟方法。在此基础上,首先通过悬停算例验证了数值方法的有效性,确定了选择预处理截断参数的原则。然后探究了倾转旋翼飞行器直升机模式悬停状态的尾迹涡结构演化过程,研究了“喷泉效应”和“地面效应”对倾转旋翼气动性能的影响。计算结果表明,旋翼尾迹涡的耗散在不同方位角存在较大差异。“地面效应”抑制了旋翼尾迹的发展,提高了旋翼整个方位角区域的升力系数,而不仅限于机翼上方方位角区域。 “地面效应”作用强于“喷泉效应”作用,使旋翼相对于孤立旋翼拉力系数略微增大了5.26%,但同时整个倾转旋翼飞行器的总的向上的力只有孤立旋翼拉力的82.46%。结论表明预处理方法和预处理远场边界条件能够较好地模拟倾转旋翼飞行器悬停状态的干扰流场,兼顾了数值计算的耗散性和稳定性。气动干扰对倾转旋翼飞行器整体气动性能有重大影响。      

共轴反桨涵道式推进单元地面效应气动性能

为了研究共轴反桨涵道式推进单元近地面悬停时的气动特性,通过气动性能测试分别研究了转速、桨盘间距和离地距离对推进单元的气动影响。同时,通过CFD数值仿真分析了其速度场和压力场分布,分析了共轴反桨涵道式推进单元地面效应的流场特性。结果表明,当涵道扩散口到地面的距离小于两倍桨盘半径时,地面效应开始起作用;当离地距离小于一倍桨盘半径时,地效非常显著,品质因子(FM)最高提升了约30%。随着离地距离的减小,涵道拉力随之降低,这是由于入流速度的降低导致涵道唇口处的压力峰值下降。桨盘间距对地面效应影响不大。涵道以及螺旋桨的拉力、反扭矩与螺旋桨转速的平方近似成正比。      

基于ILMI的直升机悬停控制律设计

提出了一种新的直升机悬停控制律设计方法。在建立了直升机数学模型后,通过迭代线性矩阵不等式方法(ILM I)求解基于线性二次型的直升机悬停控制律,使得直升机能达到满意的悬停性能指标,并且明显降低了控制器的保守性。仿真结果表明,使用该方法设计的控制器同时满足动态性能指标和稳态性能指标,与使用标准线性二次型方法设计的控制器相比,其性能指标在横侧向提高了12.3%,纵向提高了13.7%。     

应用太阳帆悬停探测哑铃形小行星

研究了太阳帆航天器在哑铃形小行星引力场内的悬停探测可行性问题。哑铃形小行星代表了一类细长形的小行星,文中首先建立哑铃形小行星的简化动力学模型。针对可变反射面积的太阳帆,给出其在小行星引力场内的悬停动力学方程,并仿真求解了哑铃形小行星附近的太阳帆可行悬停探测区域。