Effects observed in the equatorial and low latitude ionospheric F-region in the Brazilian sector during low solar activity geomagnetic storms and comparison with the COSMIC measurements

The main objective of the present investigation has been to compare the ionospheric parameters (NmF2 and hmF2) observed by two ground-based ionospheric sounders (one at PALMAS- located near the magnetic equator and the other at Sao Jose dos Campos-located in the low-latitude region) in the Brazilian sector with that by the satellite FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation (RO) measurements during two geomagnetic storms which occurred in December 2006 and July 2009. It should be pointed out that in spite of increasing the latitude (to 10°) and longitude (to 20°) around the stations; we had very few common observations. It has been observed that both the peak electron density (NmF2) and peak height (hmF2) observed by two different techniques (space-borne COSMIC and ground-based ionosondes) during both the geomagnetic storm events compares fairly well (with high correlation coefficients) at the two stations in the Brazilian sector. It should be pointed out that due to equatorial spread F (ESF) in the first storm (December 2006) and no-reflections from the ionosphere during nighttime in the second storm (July 2009), we had virtually daytime data from the two ionosondes.     

Modulation of galactic cosmic rays in a north–south asymmetrical heliosphere

Observations made with the two Voyager spacecraft confirmed that the solar wind decelerates to form the heliospheric termination shock. Voyager 1 crossed this termination shock at ∼94 AU in 2004, while Voyager 2 crossed it in 2007 at a different heliolatitude, about 10 AU closer to the Sun. These different positions of the termination shock confirm the dynamic and cyclic nature of the shock’s position. Observations from the two Voyager spacecraft inside the heliosheath indicate significant differences between them, suggesting that apart from the dynamic nature caused by changing solar activity there also may exist a global asymmetry in the north–south (polar) dimensions of the heliosphere, in addition to the expected nose–tail asymmetry. This relates to the direction in which the heliosphere is moving in interstellar space and its orientation with respect to the interstellar magnetic field. In this paper we focus on illustrating the effects of this north–south asymmetry on modulation of galactic cosmic ray Carbon, between polar angles of 55° and 125°, using a numerical model which includes all four major modulation processes, the termination shock and the heliosheath. This asymmetry is incorporated in the model by assuming a significant dependence on heliolatitude of the thickness of the heliosheath. When comparing the computed spectra between the two polar angles, we find that at energies E < ∼1.0 GeV the effects of the assumed asymmetry on the modulated spectra are insignificant up to 60 AU from the Sun but become increasingly more significant with larger radial distances to reach a maximum inside the heliosheath. In contrast, with E > ∼1.0 GeV, these effects remain insignificant throughout the heliosphere even very close to the heliopause. Furthermore, we find that a higher local interstellar spectrum for Carbon enhances the effects of asymmetric modulation between the two polar angles at lower energies (E < ∼300 MeV). In conclusion, it is found that north–south asymmetrical effects on the modulation of cosmic ray Carbon depend strongly on the extent of the geometrical asymmetry of the heliosheath together with the assumed value of the local interstellar spectrum.     

氯离子和温度对铝合金在冷却液中腐蚀的影响

分别采用了动电位极化法、电化学阻抗法研究了不同温度下、不同氯离子浓度下防锈铝在模拟冷却液中的腐蚀行为,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对极化后防锈铝的表面特征进行了观察和记录。结果表明,氯离子吸附在防锈铝氧化膜表面,对氧化膜表面造成破坏。在一定温度下（30℃）,当氯离子浓度超过0.01mol/L时,中间产物吸附作用就会增强,阻抗谱中低频区出现感抗弧,点蚀萌生。随着氯离子浓度增高（超过0.01mol/L）,防锈铝的腐蚀加剧,耐腐蚀性能下降。随着温度的升高,阴极和阳极反应阻力变小,阳极金属铝的溶解和阴极氧还原速度增大,腐蚀速度增大。温度升高的同时,溶解氧含量下降,阴极反应受到抑制。与此同时扩散过程在整个腐蚀反应过程中的支配性降低,中间产物在氧化膜表面的吸附作用增强,从而导致低频容抗弧的出现。温度对点蚀形貌的影响主要体现在影响单个点蚀坑的几何大小,促进点蚀坑的生长。      

SiO2-水纳米流体在波壁管内流动特性的实验研究

实验研究了不同质量分数的SiO2-水纳米流体在波壁管内的流动特性,由于波壁管自身的结构特点,使流体在较小雷诺数下达到湍流状态,可以方便测出流体在层流、过渡流、湍流区的流动特性.研究发现:相同温度条件下,纳米流体的粘度随着质量分数的提高而增大;流动可视化照片显示纳米流体中由于内部纳米粒子的微运动促使流体均匀性更好;沿程阻力测试表明在层流区内摩擦系数随纳米流体质量分数的增加而增大,在过渡流和湍流区内摩擦系数随质量分数增加变化不大.     

一种磁载光催化剂的制备及光催化活性的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在磁性颗粒表面包覆T iO2,制备了易于固液分离的纳米级磁载光催化剂T iO2/S iO2/F e3O4,并通过TEM,IR,XRD等对样品进行表征。以有机污水为降解对象,研究了磁载光催化剂的光催化活性。研究结果表明,包覆S iO2有利于提高磁载光催化剂的光催化活性,光催化剂能使有机污水快速降解,5次循环使用后降解率达90%以上,且光催化剂能快速地从液相中分离回收。同时磁载光催化剂具有较高的光催化活性,对高盐污水、含酚污水的降解率分别可达到99%,86.8%,对染料污水也有良好的降解效果,并具有磁性回收的特点,应用前景广泛。     

劳动价值论对我国加入WTO后国际经济活动的指导

WTO是一个以市场经济为基础的国际经济组织，它所体现的国际经济关系，本质上是国内商品与货币关系的扩展。因此，马克思所阐述的劳动价值论仍然是指导我国加入WTO后进行国际经济活动的理论基础。     

Plasma Niobium Surface Alloying of Pure Titanium and its Oxidation at 900 ℃

A niobium-modified layer on pure titanium surface was obtained by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The modified layer was uniform, continuous, compact and well adhered to the substrate. The niobium composition in the modified layer decreased gradually from the surface to the substrate. The oxidation behavior of the niobium-modified layer was investigated and compared with the untreated surface at 900 ℃ for 100 h. Characterization of the layers was performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The test results show that the oxidation behavior of pure titanium was improved by niobium alloying process. Niobium has a positive influence on the oxidation resistance.     

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.     

提高直升机齿轮传动干运转能力的离子注入技术

根据直升机传动系统干运转能力的要求,用销盘试验机测定了M o离子注入量及润滑条件对齿轮钢12C r2N i4A摩擦副摩擦因数和磨损量的影响。结果表明:M o离子注入对摩擦因数影响很小,但可大大降低磨损率,对增强材料耐磨性有很好的作用。在FZG齿轮试验机上进行了齿轮改性前后的对比试验,结果表明,未改性齿轮干运转30 m in后齿面明显胶合,而改性处理后的齿轮经45 m in干运转试验,齿轮工作良好,齿面光整,仍然可以继续使用,具有很好的干运转性能。     

Quasi-static tensile behavior of large-diameter thin-walled Ti–6Al–4V tubes at elevated temperature

As promising light-weight and high-performance structure components, large-diameter thin-walled(LDTW) Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy(TC4) bent tubes are needed most urgently in many industries such as aviation and aerospace. Warm bending may be a feasible way for manufacturing these components. Understanding their temperature and strain rate dependent tensile behavior is the foundation for formability improvement and warm bending design. In this paper, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at elevated temperatures ranging from 298 K to 873 K at tensile velocities of 2, 10, 15 mm/min. The main results show that the tensile behavior of LDTW TC4 tubes is different from that of TC4 sheets. The typical elongation of TC4 tubes at room temperature is 10%lower than that of TC4 sheets. The flow stress of TC4 tubes decreases greatly by about 50% with the temperature rising to 873 K. At temperatures of 573–673 K, the hardening exponent is at its highest value, which means the deformation mechanism changes from twining to more dislocation movement by slipping. The fracture elongation of TC4 tubes fluctuates with increasing temperature,which is associated with changes in the deformation mechanism and with the blue brittleness. The fractography of TC4 tubes at various temperatures, especially at 673 K, shows that second phases and impurities significantly influence fracture elongation. By considering the characteristics of the tensile behavior and by properly choosing the die material, the warm bending for TC4 tubes can be achieved at temperatures of 723–823 K.