Dual attitude and parameter estimation of passively magnetically stabilized nano satellites

The attitude determination capability of a nano satellite is limited by a lack of traditional high performance attitude sensors, a result of having small budgets for mass and power. Attitude determination can still be performed on a nano satellite with low fidelity sensors, but an accurate model of the spacecraft attitude dynamics is required. The passive magnetic stabilization systems commonly employed in nano satellites are known to introduce uncertainties in the parameters of the attitude dynamics model that cannot easily be resolved prior to launch. In this paper, a batch estimation problem is formulated that simultaneously solves for the attitude of the spacecraft and performs parameter estimation on the magnetic properties of the magnetic materials using only a measurement of the solar vector. The estimation technique is applied to data from NASA Ames Research Center's O/OREOS nano satellite and the University of Michigan's RAX-1 nano satellite, where clear differences are detected between the magnetic properties as measured before launch and those that fit the observed data. To date this is the first known on-orbit verification of the attitude dynamics model of a passively magnetically stabilized spacecraft.     

微小卫星用微型控制力矩陀螺研究

摘要： 随着技术的发展,微小卫星已经成为一种功能强大的航天器.为了进一步拓展微小卫星的应用领域,提升其任务效益,高敏捷机动能力成为了微小卫星发展的重要方向.控制力矩陀螺（CMG）因其具有高转矩能量比和低重量力矩比,将成为实现微小卫星敏捷机动的重要执行机构.介绍一种新型的可应用于微小卫星的微型CMG,其角动量为0.1 N·m·s.经过实验室测试和环境试验,结果表明该型CMG可满足微小卫星的姿态控制需求.     

环境减灾-1B卫星红外相机数据减灾应用研究

红外相机是环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座环境减灾-1A、1B（HJ-1A、1B）卫星的3种主要载荷之一,具有宽覆盖、空间分辨率相对较高的特点。文章介绍了以红外相机数据为主,并结合其他遥感数据在我国西藏东南部雪灾、华北地区雪灾、黑龙江火灾、中国北方大范围旱灾以及澳大利亚火灾等灾害预警、灾害监测和灾情评估等方面的应用,结果表明红外相机数据在国内外雪灾、火灾、干旱等自然灾害的预警监测评估中可以发挥重要作用。     

木星伽利略卫星互掩互食天象的测光技术

对行星天然卫星互掩互食天象进行测光可以得到非常准确的天体测量信息, 这些信息可以用来进一步改进行卫星的运动理论和历表. 对2003年在云南天文台1米望远镜上实际观测到的互掩互食图像进行测光处理, 分析表明, 在对木星去晕和测光孔径为1.5~2.0倍半高全宽条件下, 所得光变曲线有较好的稳定性.      

卫星姿态时延反步容错控制

针对卫星在轨飞行过程中存在执行机构故障及带有常值干扰的控制问题,提出了一种将时延控制(TDC)与反步技术相结合的鲁棒容错控制方法。该方法在继承反步控制优点的同时,引入积分环节用于减小常值干扰引起的稳态误差;同时,利用TDC的逼近能力来补偿执行机构的故障,且对设计者而言,故障信息不需要进行在线的检测和分离,而仅需要一步状态迭代。基于Lyapunov方法从理论上证明了系统的稳定性。最后,将该方法应用于卫星的姿态调节控制,仿真结果表明该控制器能有效地抑制外部干扰、参数不确定性和执行机构故障的约束,在完成姿态调节控制的同时,具有良好的过渡过程品质。     

卫星热平衡试验的温度预测与仿真模型

为了解决卫星热平衡试验中涉及的温度预测与变工况仿真试验问题,建立起星载仪器温度变化的双层集总参数模型,这一动态特性模型采用简单的嵌套结构,模型参数可以方便地运用系统辨识算法从卫星热平衡试验数据中获取,应用这一模型可以对不同星载仪器的温度变化进行分别的预测与仿真计算,从而大大减少了温度预测与仿真工作的计算量.对比研究表明:温度预测与仿真计算的结果与实际热平衡试验的结果一致.     

对地观测卫星总体参数多学科优化

针对对地观测卫星总体参数设计问题,建立了以对地观测性能最佳为目标的多学科优化模型,考虑姿轨控制、电源、结构、推进、有效载荷5个分系统的设计变量和相应约束条件,并考虑运载火箭对卫星设计的约束条件,通过经验公式建立分析模型.采用协同优化方法,利用外点罚函数法将系统级优化问题转化为无约束优化问题以改善协同优化系统级的数值缺陷,建立了多学科设计优化框架.计算结果表明通过优化可提升卫星的对地观测性能,验证了该方法的合理性.建模思路与优化方法可望用于更贴合工程实际的卫星参数设计.      

Effects of space weather on the ionosphere and LEO satellites’ orbital trajectory in equatorial,low and middle latitude

We study the effects of space weather on the ionosphere and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites’ orbital trajectory in equatorial, low- and mid-latitude (EQL, LLT and MLT) regions during (and around) the notable storms of October/November, 2003. We briefly review space weather effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere to demonstrate that such effects are also latitude-dependent and well established. Following the review we simulate the trend in variation of satellite’s orbital radius (r), mean height (h) and orbit decay rate (ODR) during 15 October–14 November 2003 in EQL, LLT and MLT. Nominal atmospheric drag on LEO satellite is usually enhanced by space weather or solar-induced variations in thermospheric temperature and density profile. To separate nominal orbit decay from solar-induced accelerated orbit decay, we compute $r\text{,}h$ and ODR in three regimes viz. (i) excluding solar indices (or effect), where $r=r_0\text{,}h=h_0$ and $\mathit{ODR}={\mathit{ODR}}_0$ (ii) with mean value of solar indices for the interval, where $r=r_m\text{,}h=h_m$ and $\mathit{ODR}={\mathit{ODR}}_m$ and (iii) with actual daily values of solar indices for the interval ($r\text{,}h$ and ODR). For a typical LEO satellite at h?=?450?km, we show that the total decay in r during the period is about 4.20?km, 3.90?km and 3.20?km in EQL, LLT and MLT respectively; the respective nominal decay ($r_0$) is 0.40?km, 0.34?km and 0.22?km, while solar-induced orbital decay ($r_m$) is about 3.80?km, 3.55?km and 2.95?km. h also varied in like manner. The respective nominal ${\mathit{ODR}}_0$ is about 13.5?m/day, 11.2?m/day and 7.2?m/day, while solar-induced ${\mathit{ODR}}_m$ is about 124.3?m/day, 116.9?m/day and 97.3?m/day. We also show that severe geomagnetic storms can increase ODR by up to 117% (from daily mean value). However, the extent of space weather effects on LEO Satellite’s trajectory significantly depends on the ballistic co-efficient and orbit of the satellite, and phase of solar cycles, intensity and duration of driving (or influencing) solar event.     

编队飞行卫星群相对轨道测量研究

编队飞行卫星群自主式相对轨道测量和确定是绕飞轨道的关键技术之一,考虑了利用星敏感器和雷达以及利用GPS(Global Positioning System)信号来进行相对定轨的传统方式,提出了基于伪卫星技术的定轨方案.伪卫星技术指在卫星上安装载波发生器和接收器,利用这些装置来进行卫星间的距离测量.在这些方案中,应用了差分GPS技术,采用优化方法求解多元非线性方程.这些测量方法分别适应于不同的情况.利用相对轨道要素的概念,在前面测量结果的基础上,通过卡尔曼滤波进一步提高了定轨精度.仿真计算表明这些方案可以满足不同尺度编队构型保持要求,并给出了部分结果.     

以VSCMG为执行器的航天器姿态机动自适应动态滑模控制

针对刚体航天器姿态机动控制问题,结合变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)执行器的特性,提出一种自适应动态滑模控制律,提高了姿态机动控制的扰动抑制能力和鲁棒性。此控制律采用自适应方法对扰动力矩进行估计,通过给出控制力矩变化率并对其积分得到控制力矩,以此削弱切换控制的抖振对控制力矩时间连续性的影响,从而改善系统的动态性能。仿真分析显示该控制律能够在扰动力矩作用下实现刚体航天器的快速姿态机动,并且有效减弱了滑模控制的抖振现象。