低空风切变系统建模及其对直升机飞行安全威胁定性分析

系统地建立了含湍流的三维低空风切变模型，并综合分析了其对直升机飞行安全的威胁。建立了微下击暴流风场及大气湍流场组合的风切变模型，在不增加计算量的前提下，选取特征点发展直升机飞行动力学模型，有效捕捉了风切变的切变特性，提高了在风场中的动态响应计算精度。模型配备姿态保持功能的控制增稳系统已符合一般直升机的飞行状态，并改善机体响应。根据风速分布的特点，选取不同飞行速度、不同风场位置进行飞行仿真，定性地对比分析状态量变化与风场对应关系，并且以垂向通道为例，从动力学角度分析验证了响应的理论计算表达式。结果表明：湍流主要导致高频姿态角响应，风切变对飞行状态量变化占主导作用，且垂向风是引起威胁的主要因素，据此提出危险风场规避建议。     

Boundary condition modelling and identification for cantilever-like structures using natural frequencies

The actual boundary conditions of cantilever-like structures might be non-ideally clamped in engineering practice, and they can also vary with time due to damage or aging. Precise modelling of boundary conditions, in which both the boundary stiffness and the boundary mass should be modelled correctly, might be one of the most significant aspects in dynamic analysis and testing for such structures. However, only the boundary stiffness was considered in the most existing methods. In this paper, a boundary condition modelling and identification method for cantilever-like structures is proposed to precisely model both the boundary stiffness and the boundary mass using sensitivity analysis of natural frequencies. The boundary conditions of a cantilever-like structure can be parameterized by constant mass, constant rotational inertia,constant translational stiffness, and constant rotational stiffness. The relationship between natural frequencies and boundary parameters is deduced according to the vibration equation for the lateral vibration of a non-uniform beam. Then, an iterative identification formulation is established using the sensitivity analysis of natural frequencies with respect to the boundary parameters. The regularization technique is also used to solve the potential ill-posed problem in the identification procedure.Numerical simulations and experiments are performed to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method can be utilized to precisely model the boundary parameters of a cantilever-like structure.     

Computation and Elicitation of Valleyness

Abstract

Existing methods for land surface form characterisation often focus on relatively simple landform element classifications and do not evaluate results with large scale participant experiments. This piece of research takes a semantics-grounded approach to characterising the landform valley. Based on definitions three algorithms to characterise valleys in a fuzzy way are introduced. Comparison of the results to assessments regarding the degree of being in a valley gained from over 800 participants in a questionnaire survey yields significant amounts of explained variance (R ² = 0.35–0.37). Furthermore, accounting for very ambiguously perceived stimuli showing vast low places leads to markedly improved regressions (R ² = 0.45–0.49), weighting of the data with a measure of uncertainty in judgment even more so (R ² = 0.50–0.55).     

Effect of surface blowing on aerodynamic characteristics of tubercled straight wing

Recent research proves that wings with leading-edge tubercles have the ability to perform efficiently in post-stall region over the conventional straight wing. Moreover, the conventional straight wing outperforms the tubercled wing at a pre-stall region which is quintessential. Even though tubercled wing offers great performance enhancement, because of the complexity of the flow, the trough region of the tubercled wing is more prone to flow separation. Henceforth, the present paper aims at surface blowing – an active flow control technique over the tubercled wing to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency by positively influencing its lift characteristics without causing any additional drag penalty. Flow parameters like blowing velocity ratios and the location of blowing were chosen to find the optimised configuration keeping the amplitude and frequency of the leading-edge tubercles constant as 0.12 c and 0.25 c respectively. Numerical investigations were carried out over the baseline tubercled wing and tubercled wing with surface blowing at various blowing jet velocity ratios 0.5, 1 and 2 over four different chordwise locations ranging from 0.3 c to 0.8 c.The results confirm that blowing at various x/c with different blowing velocity ratios performs better than the conventional tubercled wing. Comparatively, blowing velocity ratio 2 at 0.3 c shows peak performance of about 28% enhancement in the lift characteristics relative to the baseline model. Particularly, in the pre-stall region, 25–50% increase in aerodynamic efficiency is evident over the tubercled wing with surface blowing compared with the baseline case. Additionally,attempts were made to delineate the physical significance of the flow separation mechanism due to blowing by visualizing the streamline pattern.     

扫描曲面的设计方法及应用

本文通过截线扫描法构造Ｂ－Ｓｐｌｉｎｅ曲面，介绍了扫描面的特性，并结合具体实例说明该方法在造型设计中的应用价值。     

Aerodynamic multi-objective integrated optimization based on principal component analysis

Based on improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm with principal component analysis (PCA) methodology,an efficient high-dimension multiobjective optimization method is proposed,which,as the purpose of this paper,aims to improve the convergence of Pareto front in multi-objective optimization design.The mathematical efficiency,the physical reasonableness and the reliability in dealing with redundant objectives of PCA are verified by typical DTLZ5 test function and multi-objective correlation analysis of supercritical airfoil,and the proposed method is integrated into aircraft multi-disciplinary design (AMDEsign) platform,which contains aerodynamics,stealth and structure weight analysis and optimization module.Then the proposed method is used for the multi-point integrated aerodynamic optimization of a wide-body passenger aircraft,in which the redundant objectives identified by PCA are transformed to optimization constraints,and several design methods are compared.The design results illustrate that the strategy used in this paper is sufficient and multi-point design requirements of the passenger aircraft are reached.The visualization level of non-dominant Pareto set is improved by effectively reducing the dimension without losing the primary feature of the problem.     

基于气/固耦合非定常流动的叶栅颤振分析

采用二维N-S方程／结构振动方程组耦合数值方法，分析计算了二维非定常气动力强迫振动条件下振动能量及气动力对叶栅所做的功，分别根据振动能量和气动力做功分析了叶栅的颤振特性。NACA0012和PROF叶栅在不同折合频率下气动参数随时间的变化表明，折合频率是影响叶栅颤振的重要因素。气固耦合方法得到的NA-CA0012叶栅颤振折合频率比非耦合的结果高，而对PROF叶栅则相反。这表明叶栅结构动力参数对其发生颤振时的折合频率影响很大且很复杂，要准确预测颤振应该考虑叶栅结构动力与气动力的耦合因素。     

样条函数在估算飞机气动参数中的应用

根据气动参数估算的需要，分析了样条函数的基本概念，方程及三次插值样条函数在参数估算中的应用，以某歼击机全机平衡升力线斜率对马赫数的偏导数为例，用三次插值样条函数对其进行了估算。     

参数估计的样条函数法应用

简要了介绍了样条函数法的基本原理，飞机的数学模型和空气动力系数的样条函数表达式。用一算例说明了估计过程，获得了纵向气动导数随迎角变化的估计结果。同时还研究了迎角节点间隔和样条函数的次数对估计结果的影响，估计结果表明，样条函数法是非线性参数估计的重要方法之一，适当减小节点和间隔和适当增加样条函数次数可以提高参数估计的精度。     

驾驶员模型建模精度分析方法研究

针对频域内驾驶员描述函数和辨识方法和最小二乘的驾驶员模型参数的估计方法，按照严谨公式的规范条件建立了驾驶员模型建模精度评介公式，并对驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪任务时的仿真结果和驾驶员模型辨识结果进行了精度检验计算，同时还探讨了提高建模精度的有关技术问题。