Nonthermal Radiation Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible radiation mechanisms for the observed non-thermal emission in clusters of galaxies, with a primary focus on the radio and hard X-ray emission. We show that the difficulty with the non-thermal, non-relativistic Bremsstrahlung model for the hard X-ray emission, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557, 560, 2001) using a cold target approximation, is somewhat alleviated when one treats the problem more exactly by including the fact that the background plasma particle energies are on average a factor of 10 below the energy of the non-thermal particles. This increases the lifetime of the non-thermal particles, and as a result decreases the extreme energy requirement, but at most by a factor of three. We then review the synchrotron and so-called inverse Compton emission by relativistic electrons, which when compared with observations can constrain the value of the magnetic field and energy of relativistic electrons. This model requires a low value of the magnetic field which is far from the equipartition value. We briefly review the possibilities of gamma-ray emission and prospects for GLAST observations. We also present a toy model of the non-thermal electron spectra that are produced by the acceleration mechanisms discussed in an accompanying paper Petrosian and Bykov (Space Sci. Rev., 2008, this issue, Chap. 11).     

A theoretical model for the magnetic helicity of solar active regions

Active regions on the solar surface are known to possess magnetic helicity, which is predominantly negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere. Choudhuri et al. [Choudhuri, A.R. On the connection between mean field dynamo theory and flux tubes. Solar Phys. 215, 31–55, 2003] proposed that the magnetic helicity arises due to the wrapping up of the poloidal field of the convection zone around rising flux tubes which form active regions. Choudhuri [Choudhuri, A.R., Chatterjee, P., Nandy, D. Helicity of solar active regions from a dynamo model. ApJ 615, L57–L60, 2004] used this idea to calculate magnetic helicity from their solar dynamo model. Apart from getting broad agreements with observational data, they also predict that the hemispheric helicity rule may be violated at the beginning of a solar cycle. Chatterjee et al. [Chatterjee, P., Choudhuri, A.R., Petrovay, K. Development of twist in an emerging magnetic flux tube by poloidal field accretion. A&A 449, 781–789, 2006] study the penetration of the wrapped poloidal field into the rising flux tube due to turbulent diffusion using a simple 1-d model. They find that the extent of penetration of the wrapped field will depend on how weak the magnetic field inside the rising flux tube becomes before its emergence. They conclude that more detailed observational data will throw light on the physical conditions of flux tubes just before their emergence to the photosphere.     

Experimental research of active vibration and noise control of electrically controlled rotor

Electrically Controlled Rotor (ECR), also called as swashplateless rotor, applies blade pitch inputs via trailing-edge flaps system instead of traditional swashplate mechanism. In addition to primary control, rotor vibration reduction and noise alleviation are also achievable via applying higher harmonic control inputs with the trailing-edge flaps. In this paper, the feasibility of ECR to reduce vibration and noise actively is verified experimentally. Firstly, the test scheme of ECR active vibration and noise control is proposed, and the ECR test platform is modified according to the test scheme. Then, an adaptive control algorithm based on Kalman filter is developed. Lastly, hover and wind tunnel tests is performed to verify the feasibility of ECR active vibration and noise control. The results demonstrate that the ECR are effective for reducing rotor vibration and noise simultaneously. In the hover condition, the ECR can reduce the in-plane hub vibration by 42% and the in-plane noise by 4 dB. In wind tunnel condition, ECR can reduce the hub vibration by 75% and the BVI noise by 3 dB.     

载人航天器主动热控系统热负荷布局优化

针对典型的含有低温内回路、中温内回路和外回路的载人航天器主动热控单相流体回路系统,研究了给定温度的热负荷布置在低温或中温内回路对系统总质量的影响,给出了根据热负荷温度和功率进行布置的原则。根据系统质量的数学模型和能量平衡关系,采用Lagrange乘子法对热控系统进行了轻量化建模和求解。结果表明,存在一个热负荷的临界温度使两种布置方案系统的总质量相等：热负荷温度低于该临界温度时,布置在低温内回路可使系统总质量更小,反之应当布置在中温内回路。热负荷布置在低温内回路还是中温内回路需要根据其温度和功率来选择。最后,对热负荷布置原则从换热温差分配的角度进行了定性上的分析。     

The ultraviolet view of the Magellanic Clouds from GALEX: A first look at the LMC source catalog

The Galaxy Evolution Exporer (GALEX) has performed unprecedented imaging surveys of the Magellanic Clouds (MC) and their surrounding areas including the Magellanic Bridge (MB) in near-UV (NUV, 1771-2831 Å) and far-UV (FUV, 1344-1786 Å) bands at 5^″$5^{″}$ resolution. Substantially more area was covered in the NUV than FUV, particularly in the bright central regions, because of the GALEX FUV detector failure. The 5σ$\sigma$ depth of the NUV imaging varies between 20.8 and 22.7 (ABmag). Such imaging provides the first sensitive view of the entire content of hot stars in the Magellanic System, revealing the presence of young populations even in sites with extremely low star-formation rate surface density like the MB, owing to high sensitivity of the UV data to hot stars and the dark sky at these wavelengths.     

The optical emission lines of type 1 X-ray bright Active Galactic Nuclei

A strong X-ray emission is one of the defining signatures of nuclear activity in galaxies. According to the Unified Model for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), both the X-ray radiation and the prominent broad emission lines, characterizing the optical and UV spectra of Type 1 AGNs, are originated in the innermost regions of the sources, close to the Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH), which power the central engine. Since the emission is concentrated in a very compact region (with typical size r?0.1$r?0.1$ pc) and it is not possible to obtain resolved images of the source, spectroscopic studies of this radiation represent the only valuable key to constrain the physical properties of matter and its structure in the center of active galaxies. Based on previous studies on the physics of the Broad Line Region (BLR) and on the X-ray spectra of broad (FWHM_Hβ ? 2000 km s⁻¹) and narrow line (1000 km s⁻¹ ?FWHM_Hβ ? 2000 km s⁻¹) emitting objects, it has been observed that the kinematic and ionization properties of matter close to the SMBHs are related together, and, in particular, that ionization is higher in narrow line sources. Here we report on the study of the optical and X-ray spectra of a sample of Type 1 AGNs, selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database, within an upper redshift limit of z=0.35$z=0.35$, and detected at X-ray energies. We present analysis of the broad emission line fluxes and profiles, as well as the properties of the X-ray continuum and Fe Kα emission and we use these parameters to assess the consistency of our current AGN understanding.     

基于死区补偿的氧调器平稳切换自抗扰控制

歼击机中供氧系统内的氧气气压调节系统（氧调器系统）对飞行员的飞行质量至关重要。但是氧调器系统易受飞行环境和飞行员呼吸状态等因素的影响,而且氧调器所用阀门大多含有死区,会给控制系统带来稳态误差,导致控制难度增大,一般的控制策略难以兼顾补偿较大死区和抗扰两个条件。针对此问题,建立了基于音圈电机驱动阀的氧调器系统模型,并针对模型死区特性采用了死区补偿和双限幅模块,设计了基于死区补偿的平稳切换自抗扰控制策略。仿真及对比结果表明：采用同一套控制参数,可以使氧气面罩内压强在各个呼吸频率时有效,并快速地控制在呼吸阻力容许界限以内;并且其呼吸阻力低于将死区看作扰动的一般自抗扰控制（ADRC）。同时,验证了此策略的鲁棒性和抗扰性。     

Model development and adaptive imbalance vibration control of magnetic suspended system

A system model is developed to describe the translational and rotational motion of an active-magnetic-bearing-suspended rigid rotor of a single-gimbal control moment gyro (SCMG) onboard a rigid satellite. This model closely reflects the motion characteristics of the rotor by considering the dynamic and static imbalance as well as the coupling between the gimbal's and the rotor's motion on a satellite platform. Adaptive autocentering control is strictly constructed for the preceding rotor with unknown dynamic imbalance. The rotor achieves its rotation about the principal axis of inertia by identifying the little rotational angles from the geometric axis to the principal axis and then using the results to tune a stabilizing controller, which is composed of a decentralized PD controller with cross-axis proportional gains and high-pass and low-pass filters. The main disturbance in the wheel spinning can thereby be completely removed and the vibration acting on the satellite can be attenuated.     

The dust content of clusters of galaxies

We have statistically investigated the infrared luminosity of clusters of galaxies in comparison with the known tracers of the cluster mass like the X-ray luminosity and the cluster richness (e.g. the number of member galaxies). Our results show that there is a clear positive correlation of the infrared luminosity with the cluster mass. Quantitatively speaking, the infrared luminosity is on average 20 times higher than the X-ray luminosity. Moreover, the infrared luminosity increases with the redshift. This probably shows that a major part of this infrared luminosity is due to star formation in the member galaxies. Another possible contribution would be the thermal emission from dust particles in the diffuse intracluster medium. However our method does not allow us to infer conclusions about this second hypothesis. Depending on their size and abundance, such particles would contribute to the infrared luminosity of galaxy cluster and have an impact on the cooling function of the baryons and thus on the formation of the large scale structures. This is an important cosmological question which still remains open.     

有源接收天线抗电磁干扰的设计与试验

通过分析有源接收天线在实际使用中可能遇到的电磁干扰环境,结合产品的特点和薄弱环节,采取相应的抗电磁干扰的设计措施,并对其进行相应的试验验证,在确保工作指标的同时,力求提高产品的抗电磁干扰能力,取得了一定的效果,对相关电子产品的设计具有一定的借鉴作用。