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301.
《中国航空学报》2016,(2):297-304
Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack. 相似文献
302.
This review is devoted to ponderomotive forces and their importance for the acceleration of charged particles by electromagnetic
waves in space plasmas. Ponderomotive forces constitute time-averaged nonlinear forces acting on a media in the presence of
oscillating electromagnetic fields. Ponderomotive forces represent a useful analytical tool to describe plasma acceleration.
Oscillating electromagnetic fields are also related with dissipative processes, such as heating of particles. Dissipative
processes are, however, left outside these discussions. The focus will be entirely on the (conservative) ponderomotive forces
acting in space plasmas.
The review consists of seven sections. In Section 1, we explain the rational for using the auxiliary ponderomotive forces
instead of the fundamental Lorentz force for the study of particle motions in oscillating fields. In Section 2, we present
the Abraham, Miller, Lundin–Hultqvist and Barlow ponderomotive forces, and the Bolotovsky–Serov ponderomotive drift. The hydrodynamic,
quasi-hydrodynamic, and ‘`test-particle’' approaches are used for the study of ponderomotive wave-particle interaction. The
problems of self-consistency and regularization are discussed in Section 3. The model of static balance of forces (Section
4) exemplifies the interplay between thermal, gravitational and ponderomotive forces, but it also introduces a set of useful
definitions, dimensionless parameters, etc. We analyze the Alfvén and ion cyclotron waves in static limit with emphasis on
the specific distinction between traveling and standing waves. Particular attention has been given to the impact of traveling
Alfvén waves on the steady state anabatic wind that blows over the polar regions (Section~5). We demonstrate the existence
of a wave-induced cold anabatic wind. We also show that, at a critical point, the ponderomotive acceleration of the wind is
a factor of 3 greater than the thermal acceleration. Section 6 demonstrates various manifestations of ponderomotive forces
in the Earth's magnetosphere, for instance the ionospheric plasma acceleration and outflow. The polar wind and the auroral
density cavities are considered in relation to results from the Freja and Viking satellites. The high-altitude energization
and escape of ions is discussed. The ponderomotive anharmonicity of standing Alfvén waves is analyzed from ground based ULF
wave measurements. The complexity of the many challenging problems related with plasma processes near the magnetospheric boundaries
is discussed in the light of recent Cluster observations. At the end of Section 6, we consider the application of ponderomotive
forces to the diversity of phenomena on the Sun, in the interstellar environment, on newborn stars, pulsars and active galaxies.
We emphasize the role of forcing of magnetized plasmas in general and ponderomotive forcing in particular, presenting some
simple conceivable scenarios for massive outflow and jets from astrophysical objects. 相似文献
303.
《Acta Astronautica》2014,93(2):463-475
The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and Dd/Du=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet. 相似文献
304.
We propose a new phase-mixing sweep model of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration based on dissipative properties of
kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). The energy reservoir is provided by the intermittent ∼1 Hz MHD Alfvén waves excited at the coronal
base by magnetic restructuring. These waves propagate upward along open magnetic field lines, phase-mix, and gradually develop
short wavelengths across the magnetic field. Eventually, at 1.5–4 solar radii they are transformed into KAWs. We analyze several
basic mechanisms for anisotropic energization of plasma species by KAWs and find them compatible with observations. In particular,
UVCS (onboard SOHO) observations of intense cross-field ion energization at 1.5–4 solar radii can be naturally explained by
non-adiabatic ion acceleration in the vicinity of demagnetizing KAW phases. The ion cyclotron motion is destroyed there by
electric and magnetic fields of KAWs. 相似文献
305.
M. Volwerk T.L. Zhang K.H. Glassmeier A. Runov W. Baumjohann A. Balogh H. Rème B. Klecker C. Carr 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(10):1593-1597
The study of the neutral sheet is of fundamental importance in understanding the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetosphere. From the earliest observation of the magnetotail, it has been found that the neutral sheet frequently appears to be in motion due to changing solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activity. Multiple crossings of the neutral sheet by spacecraft have been attributed to a flapping motion of the neutral sheet in the north–south direction, a wavy profile either along the magnetotail or the dawn–dusk direction. Cluster observations have revealed that the flapping motions of the Earth’s magnetotail are of internal origin and that kink-like waves are emitted from the central part of the tail and propagate toward the tail flanks. This flapping motion is shown here to propagate at an angle of ∼45° with xGSM. A possible assumption that the flapping could be created by a wake travelling away from a fast flow in the current sheet is rejected. Other waves in the magnetotail are found in the ULF range. One conjunction event between Cluster and DoubleStar TC1 is presented where all spacecraft show ULF wave activity at a period of approximately 5 min during fast Earthward flow. These waves are shown to be Kelvin–Helmholtz waves on the boundaries of the flow channel. Calculations show that the conversion of flow energy into magnetic energy through the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability can contribute to a significant part of flow breaking between Cluster and DoubleStar TC1. 相似文献
306.
Steven J. Schwartz 《Space Science Reviews》2006,124(1-4):333-344
Shocks are found throughout the heliosphere, wherever supersonic (or super-magnetosonic) flows encounter obstacles or other,
slowly moving, media. Although some of the physical parameters are in different regimes, all shocks heat and decelerate the
media incident upon them. Most shocks must propagate in a collisionless plasma, thereby adding importance to the particle
interactions with the electromagnetic fields, and enabling some particles to be accelerated to high energies. This paper explores
the commonalities, and differences, in shocks throughout the heliosphere, and concentrates on the role of shock microstructure
in effecting the shock transition and in governing the resulting energy partition amongst the constituent species. Shocks
play a significant role in the solar-terrestrial chain. 相似文献
307.
L. G. Blomberg J. A. Cumnock K.-H. Glassmeier R. A. Treumann 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):575-591
The Hermean magnetosphere is likely to contain a number of wave phenomena. We briefly review what little is known so far about
fields and waves around Mercury. We further discuss a number of possible phenomena, including ULF pulsations, acceleration-related
radiation, bow shock waves, bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation), and synchrotron radiation. Finally, some predictions are
made as to the likelihood that some of these types of wave emission exist. 相似文献
308.
G.S. Lakhina 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(10):1688-1694
Ion beams observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), cusp, and on the auroral zone field lines are expected to have spatial gradients in their drift velocity. Generation of kinetic Alfvén waves by velocity shear of the ion beams is discussed. It is shown that a hot ion beam can excite both a resonant kinetic Alfvén wave instability and a non-resonant coupled Alfvén-ion acoustic instability. For typical parameters, observed on the auroral field lines in the altitude range of 5–7 RE (where RE is the Earth’s radius), the frequency of the velocity shear modes, in the satellite frame of reference, lie in the ultra-low frequency (ULF) range. The noise due to velocity shear driven Alfvén modes is electromagnetic in nature, and has a finite parallel electric field component. 相似文献
309.
Sylvaine Turck-Chièze Suzanne Talon 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(6):855-860
The picture of the solar radiative zone is evolving quickly. This review is separated in two parts. We first recall how the two powerful probes of the solar interior, namely the neutrinos and helioseismology have scrutinized the microscopic properties of the solar radiative plasma. Recent observations stimulate today complementary activities beyond the standard stellar model through theoretical modeling of angular momentum transport by rotation, internal waves or (and) by magnetic fields to get access to the dynamical motions of this important region of the Sun. So in the second part, we summarize the first impact of such processes on the radiative zone. 相似文献
310.
A.P. Kakad S.V. Singh R.V. Reddy G.S. Lakhina S.G. Tagare 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,43(12):1945-1949
Satellite observations have revealed solitary potential structures in the Earth’s magnetotail region. These structures have both positive (compressive) and negative (rarefactive) electrostatic potentials. In this paper we study the electron-acoustic solitary waves (EASWs) in an unmagnetized plasma consisting of cold plasma electrons and isothermal ions with two different temperatures. Using the reductive perturbation method, the nonlinear evolution of such structures is studied. The numerical computations are performed to study the role of two temperature ions in the generation of EASWs. In this case, the model supports the existence of both positive and negative electrostatic potentials with bipolar pulses. The electric field associated with these positive and negative solitary structures are numerically computed. The present study could be useful to construe the compressive and rarefactive electric field bipolar pulses associated with the BEN type emissions in the magnetospheric regions where the electron beams are not present. 相似文献