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1.
The significance of external influences on the environment of Earth and its atmosphere has become evident during recent years.
Especially, on time scales of several hundred years, the cosmogenic isotope concentration during the Wolf-, Spoerer-, Maunder-
and Dalton-Minimum indicates an increased cosmic ray flux. Because these grand minima of solar activity coincide with cold
periods, a correlation of the Earth climate with the cosmic ray intensities is plausible. Any quantitative study of the effects
of energetic particles on the atmosphere and environment of the Earth must address their transport to Earth and their interactions
with the Earth’s atmosphere including their filtering by the terrestrial magnetosphere. The first problem is one of the fundamental
problems in modern cosmic ray astrophysics, and corresponding studies began in the 1960s based on Parker’s cosmic ray modulation
theory taking into account diffusion, convection, adiabatic deceleration, and (later) the drift of energetic particles in
the global heliospheric magnetic field. It is well established that all of these processes determining the modulation of cosmic
rays are depending on parameters that are varying with the solar magnetic cycle. Therefore, the galactic cosmic ray intensities
close to Earth is the result of a complex modulation of the interstellar galactic spectrum within the heliosphere. The modern
view of this cosmic ray modulation is summarized in our contribution. 相似文献
2.
We present models of the extragalactic background light (EBL) based on several scenarios of galaxy formation and evolution. We have treated galaxy formation with the Press-Schecter approximation for both cold dark matter (CDM) and cold+hot dark matter (CHDM) models, representing a moderate (z
f
3) and a late (z
f
1) era of galaxy formation respectively. Galaxy evolution has been treated by considering a variety of stellar types, different initial mass functions and star formation histories, and with an accounting of dust absorption and emission. We find that the dominant factor influencing the EBL is the epoch of galaxy formation. A recently proposed method for observing the EBL utilizing the absorption of 0.1 to 10 TeV gamma-rays from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is shown to be capable of discriminating between different galaxy formation epochs. The one AGN viewed in TeV light, Mrk 421, does show some evidence for a cutoff above 3 TeV; based on the EBL models presented here, we suggest that this is due to extinction in the source. The large absorption predicted at energies > 200 GeV for sources at z > 0.5 indicates that observations of TeV gamma-ray bursts (GRB) would constrain or eliminate models in which the GRB sources lie at cosmological distances.Now at University of Chicago, Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics. 相似文献
3.
Konrad Bernlöhr 《Space Science Reviews》1996,75(1-2):185-197
While atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes have a small field of view and a small duty fraction, arrays of particle detectors on ground have a 1 sr field of view and a 100% duty fraction. On the other hand, particle detector arrays have a much higher energy threshold and an inferior hadron rejection as compared to Cherenkov telescopes. Low threshold particle detector arrays would have potential advantages over Cherenkov telescopes in the search for episodic or unexpected sources of gamma rays in the multi-TeV energy range. Ways to improve the threshold and hadron rejection of arrays are shown, based on existing technology for the timing method (with scintillator or water Cherenkov counters) and the tracking method (with tracking detectors). The performance that could be achieved is shown by examples for both methods. At mountain altitude (about 4000 m or above) an energy threshold close to 1 TeV could be achieved. For any significant reduction of the hadronic background by selecting muon-poor showers a muon detection area of at least 1000 m2 is required, even for a compact array. 相似文献
4.
R. J. Murphy 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):127-138
Interactions of ions accelerated in solar flares produce gamma-ray lines and continuum and neutrons. These emissions contain
a rich set of observables that provides information about both the accelerated ions and the environment where the ions are
transported and interact. Ion interactions with the various nuclei present in the ambient medium produce gamma-ray lines at
unique energies. How abundance information is extracted from the measurements is discussed and results from analyses of a
number of solar flares are presented. The analyses indicate that the composition of the ambient gas where the ions interact
(typically at chromospheric densities) is different from that of the photosphere and more like the composition of the corona,
exhibiting low-FIP elemental enhancements that may vary from flare to flare. Evidence for increased Ne/O and the photospheric
3He abundance is also discussed. 相似文献
5.
M. Lockwood 《Space Science Reviews》2006,125(1-4):95-109
In paleoclimate studies, cosmogenic isotopes are frequently used as proxy indicators of past variations in solar irradiance on centennial and millennial timescales. These isotopes are spallation products of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) impacting Earth's atmosphere, which are deposited and stored in terrestrial reservoirs such as ice sheets, ocean sediments and tree trunks. On timescales shorter than the variations in the geomagnetic field, they are modulated by the heliosphere and thus they are, strictly speaking, an index of heliospheric variability rather than one of solar variability. Strong evidence of climate variations associated with the production (as opposed to the deposition) of these isotopes is emerging. This raises a vital question: do cosmic rays have a direct influence on climate or are they a good proxy indicator for another factor that does (such as the total or spectral solar irradiance)? The former possibility raises further questions about the possible growth of air ions generated by cosmic rays into cloud condensation nuclei and/or the modulation of the global thunderstorm electric circuit. The latter possibility requires new understanding about the required relationship between the heliospheric magnetic fields that scatter cosmic rays and the photospheric magnetic fields which modulate solar irradiance. 相似文献
6.
S.V. Chalov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,35(12):2106-2114
It may not be doubted anymore that anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) are produced in the heliosphere from interplanetary pick-up ions through their acceleration at the solar wind termination shock. However, there is no general agreement in the community of heliospheric researchers concerning the mechanism of injection of the pick-up ions into the shock acceleration. We discuss here three possible ways for pick-up ions to be involved into the acceleration process at the termination shock: (1) preacceleration of pick-up ions in the whole region from the Sun up to the termination shock by solar wind turbulences and interplanetary shock waves, (2) local preacceleration of pick-up ions in a vicinity of the termination shock by shock surfing, and (3) formation of high-velocity tails in pick-up ion spectra consisting of secondary pick-up ions which are produced in the supersonic solar wind due to ionization of energetic neutral atoms entering from the inner heliosheath. 相似文献
7.
Jonathan Arons 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
Some elementary aspects of particle acceleration and flow along the polar field lines of an isolated, rotating magnetized neutron star are described. Semi-quantitaive consequences of these ideas for the emission of high energy gamma rays and their relation to gamma ray observations of radio pulsars are outlined. A global model of the magnetosphere in which these polar flows can occur is described briefly. 相似文献
8.
Anne Hutter Felix Spanier 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
We consider a relativistically moving blob consisting of an isotropic electron distribution that Compton-scatters photons from an external isotropic radiation field. We compute the resulting beaming pattern, i.e. the distribution of the scattered photons, in the blob frame as well as in the observer’s frame by using the full Klein–Nishina cross section and the exact incident photon distribution. In the Thomson regime the comparison of our approach with Dermer (1995) results in concurrent characteristics but different absolute number of the scattered photons by a factor of fcorr = 3.09. Additionally, our calculation yields a slightly lower boost factor which varies the more from the corresponding value in Dermer (1995) the higher the spectral index p of the electron distribution gets. 相似文献
9.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014,53(1):71-76
We present a data correction algorithm for real-time data processing for the NM64 galactic cosmic ray neutron monitor at the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) in Dourbes, Belgium. The correction is based on three main tests: a continuity test, tube ratios test and a derivative test. The continuity test works as a high pass filter with a threshold based on the entire recorded dataset. Additionally, it monitors whether the logging takes place at regular intervals (continuously). The ratios test identifies noisy sections and the final derivative test criterion will identify single or double spikes by testing them against the median increase of the intensities. Using these criteria, all data from the cosmic ray station at Dourbes is corrected in real time. Test results have been compared with data from verified neutron monitor stations with a similar geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. 相似文献
10.
Almost all theoretical and numerical models for the modulation of cosmic ray in the heliosphere are based on Parker's transport equation which contains all the important basic physical processes. The relative importance of the various mechanisms is however not established and may vary significantly over 22 years. The simultaneous measurements of solar wind parameters, heliospheric magnetic field properties and cosmic rays over a wide range of energies and positions in the heliosphere have brought the realization that modulation is much more complicated than what the original drift models predicted. In the process the sophistication of models based on solving Parker's equation has increased by orders of magnitude. A short review of the global modulation of cosmic rays is given from a theoretical and modelling point of view. 相似文献