Modelling and design of wing tip devices at various flight conditions using a databased aerodynamic prediction tool

A design study of wing tip devices at high and low speeds is described. The basis of the design study is an equivalent drag approach containing both aerodynamic drag gain and structural weight penalty. A comprehensive parameter study is carried out using a rapid aerodynamic prediction tool named Lift and Drag Component Analysis (LIDCA). Adding to an available lifting-line method a databased module for airfoil data is employed that uses results of two-dimensional flow simulations by multidimensional interpolation. Detailed validation studies of the method at high lift and high speed have demonstrated good accuracy. RANS computations of the selected wing tip designs confirm the predicted benefits at cruise condition. The results of the most effective wing tip designs are analysed at both flight conditions. Finally, options for improving the performance at take-off are suggested.     

旋翼固定翼复合式垂直起降飞行器概念设计研究

近些年来垂直起降(VTOL)飞行器发展迅速,并获得了一些突破性进展,但仍有许多尚未解决的问题。结合旋翼机和固定翼飞机的优点,提出一种旋翼固定翼复合式飞行器布局方案,兼具优异的垂直起降性能及高速飞行能力,具有转换过渡稳定平滑、可控性强的特点。在该旋翼固定翼复合式布局中,特型旋翼可旋转以提供垂直升力,也可停转、锁定与固定式机翼保持平行,最终转换为固定翼面使得飞机转换为固定翼布局,并在机翼上布置矢量推力装置,实现高速飞行。概念设计研究围绕设计方法、特型旋翼、矢量推力系统等关键技术展开,并开展了平飞模式飞行特性、垂直起降模式飞行特性、航程、航时以及飞行操纵等性能的分析。通过试制小型原理验证机,并对各飞行状态及转换过渡飞行进行飞行试验,验证了该布局的可行性。结合实际算例展开分析计算,验证了该方案设计方法的准确性和实用性。     

钝前缘三角翼的高阶湍流数值模拟研究

模拟钝前缘三角翼的特殊双（内、外侧）主涡流动结构和流动分离点的情况,通过定常的RANS计算和基于SA模型的DES计算表明,计算结果与试验数据吻合度较好,可以比较准确地捕捉了三角翼的双主涡结构。同时,应用SA-DES方法可以提高漩涡的模拟精度。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of a flying wing using nanosecond pulsed DBD plasma actuator

Experimental investigation of aerodynamic control on a 35 swept flying wing by means of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge(NS-DBD) plasma was carried out at subsonic flow speed of 20–40 m/s, corresponding to Reynolds number of 3.1 · 105–6.2 · 105. In control condition, the plasma actuator was installed symmetrically on the leading edge of the wing. Lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio and pitching moment coefficient were tested with and without control for a range of angles of attack. The tested results indicate that an increase of 14.5% in maximum lift coefficient, a decrease of 34.2% in drag coefficient, an increase of 22.4% in maximum lift-to-drag ratio and an increase of 2 at stall angle of attack could be achieved compared with the baseline case. The effects of pulsed frequency, amplitude and chord Reynolds number were also investigated.And the results revealed that control efficiency demonstrated strong dependence on pulsed frequency. Moreover, the results of pitching moment coefficient indicated that the breakdown of leading edge vortices could be delayed by plasma actuator at low pulsed frequencies.     

模型降阶在折叠机翼主动控制中的应用研究

针对以主动控制为目的的模型降阶中的降阶精度以及控制系统的降阶设计问题,以变体飞机折叠机翼为对象,建立以模态综合法为基础的动力学模型,对该模型分别采用模态价值分析方法和平衡截断降阶方法建立结构的降阶模型;利用可控度、可观度对两种降阶模型的精度进行对比分析,对降阶模型进行设计并施加主动控制律,抑制翼尖的位移响应。结果表明:平衡截断降阶模型具有较高的可控度,模态价值分析降阶模型具有较高的可观度;两种降阶模型均可以快速精确地得到高阶动力学的降阶模型,并且该模型可以有效地应用于主动控制系统的设计。     

基于可靠性安全系数的折叠展开机构可靠性分析

太阳翼系统是卫星的重要组成部分,其故障可能导致卫星无法正常运行,保证卫星太阳翼机构的可靠性具有重要意义。为了实现折叠展开机构的可靠性优化设计,首先,介绍卫星太阳翼机构的重要性及其可靠性的研究现状,提出基于可靠性安全系数的卫星太阳翼展开可靠性分析方法;其次,研究基于可靠性安全系数的概念,并推导其表达式;最后,以某型卫星太阳翼机构参数为例进行展开运动分析计算,验证所提方法的合理性和可行性。该方法可为卫星太阳翼机构及其他类似机构的可靠性设计提供有益参考。     

螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性影响

为解决某型飞翼布局无人机(UAV)带动力构型风洞试验最大升阻比相对无动力状态大幅下降的问题,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对无人机无动力与带动力构型进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果分别与无动力以及带动力风洞试验数据吻合良好,在此基础上深入研究了螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性的影响。结果表明:推力螺旋桨与机身之间气动干扰产生的低压区致使阻力增加,从而导致飞机最大升阻比相比无动力状态下降了30.7%。针对无人机在推力螺旋桨影响下出现的最大升阻比下降问题,采用增大螺旋桨与机身之间距离的方法可以有效地消除机身后部出现的低压区,减小了阻力,提升了无人机最大升阻比。桨毂拉长方案在8°和9°迎角下最大升阻比分别提升了17.3%和15.4%。     

Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model. The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron. The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators, positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines. Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements. The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system: (A) Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator; (B) Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control (IMC) methodology; (C) Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel. The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level, with no airflow, to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning, but also in the wind tunnel, in the presence of airflow, to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.     

Three-axis coupled flight control law design for flying wing aircraft using eigenstructure assignment method

Due to elimination of horizontal and vertical tails, flying wing aircraft has poor longitudinal and directional dynamic characteristics. In addition, flying wing aircraft uses drag rudders for yaw control, which tends to generate strong three-axis control coupling. To overcome these problems, a flight control law design method that couples the longitudinal axis with the lateral-directional axes is proposed. First, the three-axis coupled control augmentation structure is specified. In the structure, a “soft/hard” cross-connection method is developed for three-axis dynamic decoupling and longitudinal control response decoupling from the drag rudders; maneuvering turn angular rate estimation and subtraction are used in the yaw axis to improve the directional damping. Besides, feedforward control is adopted to improve the maneuverability and control decoupling performance. Then, detailed design methods for feedback and feedforward control parameters are established using eigenstructure assignment and model following technique. Finally, the proposed design method is evaluated and compared with conventional method by numeric simulations. The influences of control derivatives variation of drag rudders on the method are also analyzed. It is demonstrated that the method can effectively improve the dynamic characteristics of flying wing aircraft, especially the directional damping characteristics, and decouple the longitudinal responses from the drag rudders.     

大迎角振动三角翼跨声速粘性绕流数值分析

本文通过数值求解三维可压缩雷诺平均ＮＳ方程，研究发析了振动三角翼的三维复杂非定常流场，其中对流场项计算格式的空间离散在平行物物理面方向与物面法线方向的空间导数分别采用二阶ＮＮＤ格式和由ＮＮＤ格式高阶插值而得到的三阶迎风格式，时间推进为隐式ＬＵ分解方法，并使用了修正的代数ＢＬ湍流模型模拟高雷诺数的湍流流动。