Soybean cultivation for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs): The effect of hydroponic system and nitrogen source

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the plant species selected within the European Space Agency (ESA) Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project for hydroponic cultivation in Biological Life Support Systems (BLSSs), because of the high nutritional value of seeds. Root symbiosis of soybean with Bradirhizobium japonicum contributes to plant nutrition in soil, providing ammonium through the bacterial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two hydroponic systems, Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and cultivation on rockwool, and two nitrogen sources in the nutrient solution, nitrate (as Ca(NO₃)₂ and KNO₃) and urea (CO(NH₂)₂), on root symbiosis, plant growth and seeds production of soybean. Plants of cultivar ‘OT8914’, inoculated with B. japonicum strain BUS-2, were grown in a growth chamber, under controlled environmental conditions.     

An estimation of tropospheric corrections using GPS and synoptic data: Improving Urmia Lake water level time series from Jason-2 and SARAL/AltiKa satellite altimetry

Tropospheric correction is one of the most important corrections in satellite altimetry measurements. Tropospheric wet and dry path delays have strong dependence on temperature, pressure and humidity. Tropospheric layer has particularly high variability over coastal regions due to humidity, wind and temperature gradients. Depending on the extent of water body and wind conditions over an inland water, Wet Tropospheric Correction (WTC) is within the ranges from a few centimeters to tens of centimeters. Therefore, an extra care is needed to estimate tropospheric corrections on the altimetric measurements over inland waters. This study assesses the role of tropospheric correction on the altimetric measurements over the Urmia Lake in Iran. For this purpose, four types of tropospheric corrections have been used: (i) microwave radiometer (MWR) observations, (ii) tropospheric corrections computed from meteorological models, (iii) GPS observations and (iv) synoptic station data. They have been applied to Jason-2 track no. 133 and SARAL/AltiKa track no. 741 and 356 corresponding to 117–153 and the 23–34 cycles, respectively. In addition, the corresponding measurements of PISTACH and PEACHI, include new retracking method and an innovative wet tropospheric correction, have also been used. Our results show that GPS observation leads to the most accurate tropospheric correction. The results obtained from the PISTACH and PEACHI projects confirm those obtained with the standard SGDR, i.e., the role of GPS in improving the tropospheric corrections. It is inferred that the MWR data from Jason-2 mission is appropriate for the tropospheric corrections, however the SARAL/AltiKa one is not proper because Jason-2 possesses an enhanced WTC near the coast. Furthermore, virtual stations are defined for assessment of the results in terms of time series of Water Level Height (WLH). The results show that GPS tropospheric corrections lead to the most accurate WLH estimation for the selected virtual stations, which improves the accuracy of the obtained WLH time series by about 5%.     

Time distribution of the precipitable water vapor in central Saudi Arabia and its relationship to solar activity

Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas. It plays a major role in the dynamics of atmospheric circulation, radiation exchange within the atmosphere, and climate variability. Knowledge of the distribution of water vapor is important for understanding climate change and global warming.     

The impact of microwave absorber and radome geometries on GNSS measurements of station coordinates and atmospheric water vapour

We have used microwave absorbing material in different geometries around ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antennas in order to mitigate multipath effects on the estimates of station coordinates and atmospheric water vapour. The influence of a hemispheric radome – of the same type as in the Swedish GPS network SWEPOS – was also investigated. Two GNSS stations at the Onsala Space Observatory were used forming a 12 m baseline. GPS data from October 2008 to November 2009 were analyzed by the GIPSY/OASIS II software using the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing strategy for five different elevation cutoff angles from 5° to 25°. We found that the use of the absorbing material decreases the offset in the estimated vertical component of the baseline from ∼27 mm to ∼4 mm when the elevation cutoff angle varies from 5° to 20°. The horizontal components are much less affected. The corresponding offset in the estimates of the atmospheric Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) decreases from ∼1.6 kg/m² to ∼0.3 kg/m². Changes less than 5 mm in the offsets in the vertical component of the baseline are seen for all five elevation cutoff angle solutions when the antenna was covered by a hemispheric radome. Using the radome affects the IWV estimates less than 0.4 kg/m² for all different solutions. IWV comparisons between a Water Vapour Radiometer (WVR) and the GPS data give consistent results.     

锤式破碎机锤头有限元模型仿真

当锤头对矿石的打击力正好发生在锤头的碰撞中心(或称打击中心)时,就可以完全消除锤头销孔与销轴之间的碰撞反力,降低锤头磨损,提高破碎机效率。利用锤头销孔所受碰撞反力的计算公式,建立锤头的有限元模型,通过对锤面上不同点打击力加载,得出了锤面上各点的所受应力,依据结果优化锤头结构尺寸。     

机电综合控制对民机水系统设计的影响

使用机电综合控制提高了民机饮用水系统设计难度的同时,也带来了设备数量减少、数据共享更加便利、电缆数量和重量降低等显著优点,因此机电综合控制在民机设计领域已成为了一种趋势.机电综合控制技术在B787与A380项目中得到了非常深入的应用,液压、燃油、起落架、水/废水等机械系统等均采用了机电综合控制.对于同一个系统,使用机电...     

可控式液体润滑高速螺旋槽端面密封试验

研制了电磁加载装置和摩擦力矩测试装置,并将其应用于液体润滑的螺旋槽端面密封试验中.试验研究了端面密封坝处液膜特性、端面温升、端面摩擦力等密封性能参数以及端面闭合力对密封性能的影响.试验结果表明,密封坝处压力随转速的增加而增加,当转速较大时,端面的温升也较高.端面密封在液膜润滑下具有较小的摩擦力.利用电磁加载装置和摩擦力...     

基于特征正交分解法的翼型结冰冰形快速预测

为加快翼型结冰冰形的计算速度,提出了一套基于特征正交分解(POD)法的结冰冰形快速预测算法.通过计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟计算得到的冰形结果作为样本,以结冰温度单参数变化时为例,详细介绍了POD法预测结冰冰形的实现步骤.考虑结冰温度、结冰时间以及液态水含量的影响,完成了单参数、两参数与三参数变化时的POD结冰冰形快速预测.通过算例结果发现:完成POD预测计算只需几秒钟且POD法与CFD法得到的冰形吻合较好,仅在冰角附近有较小差别,表明POD方法能够快速、准确地得到翼型的结冰冰形.      

涡扇发动机短舱结冰试验相似方法

通过分析短舱表面结冰缩比试验相似要求,在保证绕流流场、水滴撞击特性和结冰冰型相似的基础上,分别采用基于气流雷诺数,气流韦伯数和水滴韦伯数3种速度选取方法建立了试验相似准则。利用该准则获得了明冰和霜冰条件下涡扇发动机短舱1/2缩比模型的结冰试验参数,开展了短舱进气道表面结冰冰型预测,对参考模型和缩比模型表面过冷水滴撞击特性、结冰特性、溢流水分布特性进行了分析。结果表明:采用基于气流韦伯数和水滴韦伯数速度选取方法的相似准则,在明冰和霜冰条件下均能保证缩比模型与参考模型表面水滴撞击特性相似,且相似性不受结冰温度影响;溢流水变化趋势与参考模型相似,流动极限相近;缩比模型表面冰型均与参考模型相似,该方法能够为短舱结冰试验参数选取提供依据。      

TBCC发动机涡轮进气道喷水冷却特性数值研究

对涡轮基组合循环(Turbine Based Combined Cycle, TBCC)发动机涡轮进气道进行喷水冷却是解决TBCC发动机推力不连续问题的有效方式之一。本文基于实际流场条件选取某型TBCC发动机涡轮进气道结构,对进气道内喷水冷却特性进行了数值仿真,研究飞行器不同工况下水滴的蒸发特性及喷水对来流高温空气的预冷效果。结果表明,来流空气温度降幅随水气比提高而增大,最高温降可达152.4K。水气比提高后水滴蒸发率逐渐降低,但蒸发总量仍会继续上升。相同水气比条件下,飞行马赫数越高,喷水冷却效果越明显。在Ma3.5飞行速度和水气比0.03条件下有最高蒸发率,达83.05%。喷水冷却有效扩展了涡轮模态飞行马赫数,最高能使飞行速度提升至Ma2.84,即喷水冷却扩展了TBCC从涡轮模态向超燃冲压模态转换的衔接速域。