基于光强测量毛细超高压水射流集束性的实验研究

准确划分射流集束段和雾化段是研究射流集束性的前提。设计了一种基于光强定量测量集束性的方法。基于该方法对具有尖锐边缘孔口和类流线型出口流道的喷嘴,在超高压喷射条件下形成的水射流结构形态进行分析,并与直柱型出口流道喷嘴射流对比分析。结果表明:光强测量法能够比较准确地划分射流集束段和雾化段,区分雾化段中核心区和气液混合区;毛细超高压水射流的集束性在雷诺数影响下由喷嘴孔口结构、出口流道结构的综合作用决定;在一定雷诺数范围内,具有尖锐边缘孔口和类流线型出口流道的喷嘴有良好的集束性,当雷诺数达到1.8×104~1.9×104时,射流集束段长度趋于恒定;喷嘴出口流道结构通过气流调节,对射流集束性的影响在高雷诺数下可以忽略,空气动力扰动在高雷诺数下对射流集束性影响程度显著降低。     

热水火箭发动机喷管内流场数值模拟

为了更好地了解热水火箭发动机的工作特性,建立了热水火箭发动机喷管流动的数值计算模型,并通过算例进行验证。通过对发动机喷管内部流场的研究,发现收敛段中压力首先降到初始温度对应的饱和压强,然后继续降低,并且在喉部的位置开始发生相变,从而使流动变为气液两相流,而且喷管出口处气相体积分数高达99%以上;由于变声速的原因,可以使两相流的流动在喉部之后达到超声速;把喷管的流动分为三个过程:单向流动过程、降压闪蒸过程和膨胀加速过程,与常规的化学能火箭发动机相比有类似性,但是由于闪蒸相变的存在,使其存在一定的复杂性。     

A new weighted mean temperature model in China

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been applied in meteorology to monitor the change of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in atmosphere, transformed from Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD). A key factor in converting the ZWD into the PWV is the weighted mean temperature ($T_m$), which has a direct impact on the accuracy of the transformation. A number of Bevis-type models, like $T_m-T_s$ and $T_m-T_s\text{,}{P}_s$ type models, have been developed by statistics approaches, and are not able to clearly depict the relationship between $T_m$ and the surface temperature, $T_s$. A new model for $T_m$, called weighted mean temperature norm model (abbreviated as norm model), is derived as a function of $T_s$, the lapse rate of temperature, δ, the tropopause height, $h_{\mathit{trop}}$, and the radiosonde station height, $h_s$. It is found that $T_m$ is better related to $T_s$ through an intermediate temperature. The small effects of lapse rate can be ignored and the tropopause height be obtained from an empirical model. Then the norm model is reduced to a simplified form, which causes fewer loss of accuracy and needs two inputs, $T_s$ and $h_s$. In site-specific fittings, the norm model performs much better, with RMS values reduced averagely by 0.45 K and the Mean of Absolute Differences (MAD) values by 0.2 K. The norm model is also found more appropriate than the linear models to fit $T_m$ in a large area, not only with the RMS value reduced from 4.3 K to 3.80 K, correlation coefficient $R^2$ increased from 0.84 to 0.88, and MAD decreased from 3.24 K to 2.90 K, but also with the distribution of simplified model values to be more reasonable. The RMS and MAD values of the differences between reference and computed PWVs are reduced by on average 16.3% and 14.27%, respectively, when using the new norm models instead of the linear model.     

基于波长调制谐波信号主峰拟合的气体浓度测量方法

为了提高激光波长调制光谱法(WMS)测量气体浓度的速度和准确度,首次提出了一种通过对吸收光谱谐波信号的主峰进行拟合的气体浓度测量方法。在该方法中,只扫描吸收光谱谐波信号的主峰部分来获得谐波信号(WMS-2f/1f)的峰值点。因为缩减了吸收光谱的扫描范围,所以扫描速度得到了提高。通过对吸收光谱谐波信号(WMS-2f/1f)的主峰部分进行多项式拟合,进一步提高了测量精度。详细讨论了多项式阶数的确认方法,以及拟合数据长度对测量结果的影响。通过测量不同情况下的二氧化碳浓度验证了该方法的有效性。     

磁絮凝在餐饮废水中的应用研究

以COD去除率作性能参数,考察了几种复合磁絮凝剂在高、低二种浓度餐饮废水中的絮凝效果。研究结果表明:与普通絮凝剂相比,采用复合磁絮凝剂处理餐饮废水不仅能大大缩短分离时间、减少污泥体积,还能提高絮凝效果。     

拉挤互锁复合材料格栅结构格栅肋的应力集中

在新型、高效的拉挤互锁复合材料格栅结构的制造工艺中通过格栅肋开槽克服材料堆积,而开槽处的应力集中会影响结构的破坏和疲劳,是结构设计中需要考虑的一个重要因素。建立了加帽的格栅肋应力分析模型,应用复变函数孔口问题解的结果,得到了格栅肋开槽附近的应力解。分析了格栅肋开槽处的应力集中,讨论了开槽尺寸,材料常数等因素对应力集中的影响。     

有限元仿真模拟在超声喷水无损检测用水套设计中的应用

水套在超声喷水穿透检测中具有重要作用,为设计出具有良好耦合效果的水套,减少水流紊流对声波耦合的影响,本文通过构建探头套几何模型、物理建模、数值求解的有限元仿真方法对探头水套进行流体动力学仿真。结果表明,在无整流装置下,从入水口射入的水流撞击探头套内壁,产生严重紊流,进入出水管后,紊流状态仍然保持,水流流线方向杂乱。增加整流装置后,探头套内紊流得到很好的抑制,使得进入出水管的水流流线方向趋向一致,这种现象随着整流片增多而效果越加明显。本文为后续模拟水流经过出水口后的水柱状态,特别是随着初始水流速度加大后的水柱状态,以及利用有限元多物理场模拟功能,在加入声场后,模拟紊流状况下声场的变化打下了基础。     

地效飞行器双断阶机腹着水砰击过载分析

地效飞行器着水过程中，断阶着水产生的冲击易导致结构表面屈曲或破坏。基于ALE 有限元法，通过罚函数法处理两相界面流固耦合问题，对地效飞行器着水过程进行数值模拟，分析不同前飞速度、下沉速度、俯仰角等参数变化对浸水深度、砰击过载等的影响。结果表明：在研究工况下，机体着水产生的压力峰值均出现在断阶处；随着俯仰角增加水平过载峰值减小，垂向过载峰值先增大后减小，俯仰角为7°时垂向过载峰值最大，是最低过载峰值（俯仰角为15°时）的1.4 倍；前飞速度增加致使水平过载峰值增大，而对垂向过载峰值影响不明显，但垂向过载峰值与垂向速度的平方近似呈线性关系，下沉速度越大，砰击过载峰值越大。     

结合卫星遥感的 PM2.5 浓度估算与站点异常分析

针对大气污染难监测、异常数据难分析等问题，充分发挥气象卫星多时相观测优势，以N维代价函数算法为依托进行逐小时气溶胶光学厚度反演。进一步以随机森林回归算法为基础，结合气象参数、地面监测参数等辅助变量进行近地面PM2.5浓度估算，并据此开展时空分布与浓度异常分析。江苏省2021年1–6月PM2.5浓度遥感估算精度验证结果显示，其相关性精度达到94%，偏差为5.59μg/m³，证明以卫星遥感数据为基础进行PM2.5浓度估算具有高可靠性与可行性。通过其建立的全区域、多时相监测体系可有效进行PM2.5浓度的时空分布分析，明晰PM2.5分布状况，助力空气污染治理管控。通过卫星估算结果与地面站点监测结果的对比分析，准确识别大泉街道数据低报事件，验证人为干扰数据采集工作，实现星地数据双向监督。文章研究证明，卫星遥感技术可有效支撑近地面PM2.5浓度估算与数据异常分析，推动新时代生态文明建设。     

Effect of the continental shelf in seasonal oceanographic conditions at the Northern edge of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

The continental shelf in front of Nayarit is located in the northern limit of the tropical Eastern Pacific, characterized by constituting a convergence zone of different masses of water, forming an area of significant hydrographic variability. Based on satellite remote sensing data and reanalysis between 2003 and 2019 of sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, Ekman velocity, and geostrophic velocity, the contribution of the seasonal cycle to the variability of the study area were analyzed through climatological means, Hovmöhler diagrams, and Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The results show that in the zone in front of Matanchén Bay (21.5 °N) and the adjacent continental shelf, there is a core of warm surface water. The distribution of the SST is explained by the seasonal pattern of meridional/zonal variability in the thermal gradient, where the EOFs show the influence of the annual scale in both modes, with the only difference being that the first describes the meridional gradient as the dominant signal (66.2%), and the second shows the zonal behavior of the thermal gradient (16.6%). The summer weakening of the wind stress and Ekman speed is the product of the irregular shape of the coastline, the extension of the continental shelf, and the divergence of the North American monsoon around 21°N, whereas during the rest of the year an intensification of these parameters prevailed in front of Cabo Corrientes. On the other hand, the intense geostrophic flow in summer does not contribute to the increase in SST on the continental shelf because it diverges around 22.5°N. Likewise, during the winter, the formation of a cyclonic geostrophic gyre located inside the continental shelf, between the coast and the Marías Islands, stands out.