Improvement of Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model for supersonic complex flows

Entropy represents the dissipation rate of energy. Through direct numerical simulation (DNS) of supersonic compression ramp flow, we find the value of entropy is monotonously decreasing along the wall-normal direction no matter in the attached or the separated region. Based on this feature, a new version of Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model (BL-entropy) is proposed in this paper. The supersonic compression ramp and cavity-ramp flows in which the original Baldwin-Lomax model fails to get convergent solutions are chosen to evaluate the performance of this model. Results from one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model (SA) and two-equation Wilcox k-x model are also included to compare with available experimental and DNS data. It is shown that BLentropy could conquer the essential deficiency of the original version by providing a more physically meaningful length scale in the complex flows. Moreover, this method is simple, computationally efficient and general, making it applicable to other models related with the supersonic boundary layer.     

MHD Spectroscopy of Transonic Flows

In previous publications (Keppens et al.: 2002, Astrophys. J. 569, L121; Goedbloed et al.: 2004a, Phys. Plasmas 11, 28), we have demonstrated that stationary rotation of magnetized plasma about a compact central object permits an enormous number of different MHD instabilities, with the well-known magneto-rotational instability (Velikhov, E. P.: 1959, Soviet Phys.–JETP Lett. 36, 995; Chandrasekhar, S.: 1960, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46, 253; Balbus, S. A. and Hawley, J. F.: 1991, Astrophys. J. 376, 214) as just one of them. We here concentrate on the new instabilities found that are driven by transonic transitions of the poloidal flow. A particularly promising class of instabilities, from the point of view of MHD turbulence in accretion disks, is the class of trans-slow Alfv’en continuum modes, that occur when the poloidal flow exceeds a critical value of the slow magnetosonic speed. When this happens, virtually every magnetic/flow surface of the disk becomes unstable with respect to highly localized modes of the continuous spectrum. The mode structures rotate, in turn, about the rotating disk. These structures lock and become explosively unstable when the mass of the central object is increased beyond a certain critical value. Their growth rates then become huge, of the order of the Alfv’en transit time. These instabilities appear to have all requisite properties to facilitate accretion flows across magnetic surfaces and jet formation.     

用N-S方程有限体积法计算弹体绕流/底喷流

用单元中心有限体积法在物理空间曲线网格离散积分形式N-S方程，用坐标变换计算粘性通量项中的各偏导数值，用Runge-Kutta三步显式格式进行时间推进求解。采用了人工粘性、当地时间步长及隐式残值光顺。计算了旋成体大迎角涡流和带底部喷流的绕流场。计算中发现，各向异性隐式残值光顺较之各向同性隐式残值光顺能更快地加速迭代过程的收敛。计算的物面压力分布与实验基本符合，计算的旋成体大迎角涡流图谱合理。计算结果说明底部喷流对旋成体绕流及空气动力载荷有显著影响。     

基于伴随方程方法的非结构网格自适应技术及应用

对基于伴随方程的网格自适应技术的基本原理进行了研究,构造并实现了基于流场伴随方程的非结构网格自适应探测器,利用局部加密网格的办法,建立了基于Euler方程的无粘伴随自适应能力。对于粘性流动问题,提出首先应用无粘计算和伴随自适应技术从基准网格自动生成具有较好网格分辨率的非结构自适应网格,然后采用层推进法自动生成粘性计算网格的求解策略。采用RAE2822二维翼型和ONERA-M6三维机翼对所建立的无粘伴随自适应方法进行了验证,并应用所提出的方法和策略,对第二届国际涡流试验项目(VFE-2)中的65°尖前缘三角翼大攻角涡流场进行了数值模拟。对比计算结果表明,所建立的非结构网格伴随自适应方法是可行的和有效的。     

High-order implicit discontinuous Galerkin schemes for unsteady compressible Navier–Stokes equations

Efficient solution techniques for high-order temporal and spatial discontinuous Galerkin(DG) discretizations of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are developed. A fourth-order implicit Runge–Kutta(IRK) scheme is applied for the time integration and a multigrid preconditioned GMRES solver is extended to solve the nonlinear system arising from each IRK stage. Several modifications to the implicit solver have been considered to achieve the efficiency enhancement and meantime to reduce the memory requirement. A variety of time-accurate viscous flow simulations are performed to assess the resulting high-order implicit DG methods. The designed order of accuracy for temporal discretization scheme is validate and the present implicit solver shows the superior performance by allowing quite large time step to be used in solving time-implicit systems. Numerical results are in good agreement with the published data and demonstrate the potential advantages of the high-order scheme in gaining both the high accuracy and the high efficiency.     

非均匀来流下三维激波反问题的微元密切轴对称解法

传统的密切轴对称理论被广泛应用于均匀来流下的三维密切曲面激波反设计，为解决非均匀来流条件下的三维曲面激波反问题，提出了一种微元密切轴对称流场（MOA）求解方法。该方法沿激波面的周向和流向构建一系列微元密切面，在每个微元面内进行三维向二维流动的等效转换，从而突破了传统密切方法中不能有横向波后流动的限制。利用该方法编写设计程序，分别基于带攻角来流条件和外锥型流来流条件重构了标准内锥曲面激波，并与数值仿真结果进行了比较。结果表明，非均匀来流下激波曲面的三维形状均与预设形状完全一致，实现了非均匀来流下曲面激波形状可控。MOA方法在吸气式高超声速推进领域中前体/进气道一体化设计方面有重要应用前景。     

飞机机翼表面霜冰的三维数值模拟

基于欧拉两相流理论对三维情况下飞机机翼表面的霜冰进行了数值模拟.根据水滴拟流体模型建立三维水滴控制方程;提出一套水滴控制方程的数值求解方法;由三维水滴流场的求解结果计算机翼表面的水滴收集特性,提出一种三维积冰外形的生成方法,完成了对飞机机翼表面霜冰的三维数值模拟.对ONERA M6机翼在不同迎角下霜冰的积冰情况进行了数值预测,并分析了结冰条件对积冰的影响.      

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

带吸力面小翼的压气机叶栅变间隙特性实验

为了进一步揭示吸力面小翼在不同叶尖间隙条件下的影响机理,开展了有/无吸力面小翼的压气机叶栅变间隙特性实验.结果表明:与无间隙叶栅相比,叶尖相对间隙为1%时引入的泄漏流可以有效抑制叶片吸力面/端壁角区三维分离的产生,叶栅总损失和气动堵塞程度最低,此时为研究的4种间隙工况中的最佳间隙工况.吸力面小翼在此间隙下降低了泄漏涡强度的同时使通道涡增强,叶片吸力面重新出现了三维分离流动,叶栅总损失和堵塞程度均有所增加.在叶尖相对间隙为2%和3%时,带吸力面小翼叶栅中叶尖分离涡增强,主导叶尖区流动的泄漏涡强度减弱,两种间隙下叶栅总损失系数分别降低了8.9%和12.5%,堵塞系数分别降低了6.9%和6.3%.在研究的3种非零间隙条件下吸力面小翼降低了叶栅气动损失对叶尖间隙变化的敏感性,减弱了叶尖泄漏涡造成的叶栅出口气流角的欠偏转/过偏转程度.      

时间矢量推进方法及其在叶轮机非定常流分析中的应用

为提高周期性非定常流动的求解效率,将非定常计算的初值问题转换为边值问题,提出了时间矢量推进方法,并将该方法应用于叶轮机多排的非定常流动分析中。通过对两排对转风扇进行非定常仿真,并对比双时间步计算方法的计算结果,讨论了新方法的计算效率,研究了该方法对排间干扰捕捉的准确性和可靠性。得到了以下结论:在物理时间步长相等的情况下,新方法与双时间步方法的计算结果基本一致,且计算时间约为双时间步方法的1/8;时间矢量推进方法能够很好捕捉排间的势扰动、熵扰动和涡扰动以及主流和扰动之间的非线性作用;时刻样本数较少会使时间矢量推进方法捕捉到的非定常变化幅值变小,且无法解析时间尺度较小的非定常流动现象。