绝热材料动态烧蚀试验方法

为了研究绝热材料的动态烧蚀特性,建立了一种敞开环境下绝热材料烧蚀表面的实时监测方法,用光学技术实时记录绝热材料试样表面烧蚀形貌和烧蚀面退移过程,通过图像处理,成功获得了绝热材料动态烧蚀率和烧蚀形貌的相关信息。该监测方法可对一定条件下炭化层的动态烧蚀性能进行评估,通过图像的批处理可获得每一时刻的动态烧蚀率和前n秒的平均线烧蚀率,适用于绝热材料动态烧蚀特性研究,还可以用于研究在绝热材料表面的炭化层形成和消耗特性。     

面向体三维显示器的图形算法设计

针对一种基于旋转双螺旋屏幕逐层扫描技术的体三维显示系统,设计并实现了一套支持真实空间三维显示的图形算法体系.算法核心主要包括立体图元的体素化,切片图像渲染和投影同步控制等3个环节.图形系统通过离散三维网格模型获取体三维显示需要的体数据,并根据螺旋屏幕的几何特征将物体的体数据集渲染成切片图像序列发送至高速投影单元,在保持投影与屏幕旋转同步的情况下,快速变换的投影图像基于视觉暂留融合成具有真实物理深度的三维影像.算法在体三维显示器样机上进行了验证,显示的三维影像占据真实物理空间,具备全方向观察角度,围绕显示器可直接观察到立体图像各个不同侧面,如同观察真实物体一样.     

基于螺旋旋转屏及DMD的体扫描显示系统

基于螺旋旋转屏和数字微镜元件(Digital micro-mirror device,DMD)技术,对原体扫描显示系统原型进行了改进.采用螺旋旋转屏构建体扫描显示系统的成像空间,可改善平面旋转屏体扫描系统中存在的成像空间较小、体素数量较少和体素重叠死区严重等缺陷.利用DMD空间光调制技术,在体素激活子系统中提高了三维数据传输的带宽,达到同时激活多个体素的目的.研制了基于螺旋旋转屏和DMD的体扫描显示系统原型.实验结果表明,所设计的系统原型与前期平面旋转屏系统相比,在成像空间、视觉死区、切片上的体素数量及体素激活能力等方面都有所改善.     

试验条件对EPDM绝热层耐烧蚀性能的影响

通过烧蚀试验研究了烧蚀时间、燃气流量及烧蚀角度等因素对EPDM绝热层烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明，在不同烧蚀时间内，EPDM绝热层的烧蚀率表现出不同特征，EPDM绝热层烧蚀率与燃气流量成正比关系，燃气以一定角度侧向烧蚀绝热层时，炭化层极易脱落。     

颗粒冲刷条件下绝热层二维烧蚀计算

在颗粒冲刷条件下绝热层烧蚀试验研究的基础上,对该条件下的绝热层烧蚀机理进行了理论分析,建立了颗粒冲刷条件下的绝热层二维炭化烧蚀模型,进行了该条件下的绝热层烧蚀计算。烧蚀机理分析认为,冲刷条件下绝热层烧蚀加剧的直接原因为颗粒对炭化层的机械剥蚀作用,经回归分析得到了炭化层厚度Ht和颗粒浓度Gp、颗粒冲刷速度vp、颗粒冲刷角度α之间的经验关系式:Ht=5.761G-p0.013 7(vpsinα)-0.409。烧蚀计算模型基于二维适体网格,并发展了一种自适应加密和加强网格正交化的方法。计算获得的绝热层型面推移结果和利用X射线实时荧屏分析(RTR)测量得到的绝热层动态烧蚀试验结果吻合较好,表征出了颗粒冲刷条件下绝热层烧蚀过程的型面变化规律。该烧蚀模型适用于颗粒冲刷条件下绝热层的烧蚀计算。     

C/C喉衬近净尺寸制备及性能

采用径向针刺工艺制备了近净尺寸针刺C/C喉衬预制体,通过热梯度CVI和树脂浸渍碳化复合工艺对预制体进行了致密,利用μ-CT、光学显微仪表征了C/C喉衬材料微观孔隙和热解碳织构,分析了喉衬材料的弯曲性能。结果表明,径向针刺过程形成的损伤型孔隙通道与碳源气体传输方向一致,提高了碳源气体传输效率,使径向针刺喉衬CVI增密效率比传统轴向针刺喉衬提高10.9%。预制体近净尺寸成型缩短了烧蚀区域碳源气体的渗透距离,喉衬材料烧蚀区域形成了高织构热解碳,有利于喉衬烧蚀性能的提高。径向针刺喉衬的轴向弯曲强度比轴向针刺喉衬提高150%。     

Influences of characteristic parameters on starting-up process of an arcjet thruster

Arcjet thruster has been a widely used electrical propulsion technology on GEO satellites since 1993. In its long history of technical development and commercial application, lifetime verification of an arcjet thruster is always one of the most important and expensive tasks. Considering that the main life limitation of an arcjet thruster is electrode ablation and a significant share of the total ablation happens in its starting-up process, the starting-up process is studied with arc voltage signals. Through interpretation of arc voltage signals, the transfer process of the arc root on the anode surface is identified, and ΔT (the duration of the arc root transfer process) is suggested to be a characteristic parameter for fast evaluation of lifetime assessment and design optimization for an arcjet thruster. With this criterion, the influences of typical parameters on the starting-up process are established through comparison with a benchmark parameter. According to experimental results, an increase of the gas flow will obviously reduce ΔT, while a smaller swirl aperture and a longer throat channel do not have a remarkable correlation with ΔT. Moreover, with a sample of a smaller throat diameter to increase the flow velocity, a reduction of ΔT is achieved. Meanwhile, the modifications also affect the stability of arcjet thruster operation, which is also discussed.     

Cu(Ni80 Cr20 )-陶瓷复合机体的激光刻蚀机制

为解决陶瓷基底金属薄膜一体化部件的激光微加工精度问题,研究了纳秒脉冲激光作用于Cu(Ni80Cr20)-Al2O3复合机体的薄膜/基底界面分离机制。结果表明:激光刻蚀Cu时,光斑扫过的区域的Cu能够完全气化,得到较光滑的图案;在刻蚀Ni80Cr20时,光斑扫过的区域首先被氮化,随后氮化层剥离,导致刻蚀图形边沿粗糙。激光光斑能量呈高斯分布,使得Ni80Cr20氮化程度不均匀,是影响刻蚀精度的主要原因。利用波前衍射变换技术将光斑能量由高斯分布转换为能量呈平顶分布,在激光能量大于5.4 m J时,厚度4μm的Ni80Cr20层均匀氮化剥离,实现了Ni80Cr20-Al2O3组合体高精度、基底无损伤刻蚀。     

直流电弧等离子体炬电极烧蚀特性分析及实验测量

为研究直流电弧等离子体发生器电极烧蚀特性，进而为其寿命评估提供依据，对直流电弧电极烧蚀特性进行了分析，探究电极烧蚀率的主要影响因素并推导了相关准则数。搭建了电极烧蚀实验系统，对钨电极烧蚀特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:在相同输入功率下，电弧放电过程中阴极与阳极的烧蚀率基本相同且不随时间变化，如2.2 kW时，烧蚀率保持13.88 mg/s不变;在实验功率范围内，电极烧蚀率与输入功率近似呈三次函数关系。利用之前推导的准则数，建立了计算烧蚀率的实验关联式。     

Space Debris Reentry Analysis Methods and Tools

The reentry of uncontrolled spacecraft may be broken into many pieces of debris at an altitude in the range of 75-85 km. The surviving fragments could pose great hazard and risk to ground and people. In recent years, methods and tools for predicting and analyzing debris reentry and ground risk assessment have been studied and developed in National Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA) and other organizations, including the group of the present authors. This paper reviews the current progress on this topic of debris reentry briefly. We outline the Monte Carlo method for uncertainty analysis, breakup prediction, and parameters affecting survivability of debris. The existing analysis tools can be classified into two categories, i.e. the object-oriented and the spacecraft-oriented methods, the latter being more accurate than the first one. The past object-oriented tools include objects of only simple shapes. For more realistic simulation, here we present an object-oriented tool debris reentry and ablation prediction system (DRAPS) developed by the present authors, which introduces new object shapes to 15 types, as well as 51 predefined motions and relevant aerodynamic and aerothermal models. The aerodynamic and aerothermal models in DRAPS are validated using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method.