基于变精度遗传算法的翼型快速优化设计方法

低碳环保的电动飞机在要求较高升阻比的同时,需要尽量降低成本、缩短研制周期。但高精度的数值模拟时间代价很大,因此针对电动飞机翼型设计中初始翼型较难选取、优化速度较慢的问题,提出了一种基于变精度遗传算法的翼型多点快速优化方法。以常用的 Hicks-Henne 型函数为基础,改进了其对翼型后缘描述不精确的问题。在数值模拟阶段,介绍了一种快速气动参数计算软件XFOIL,并分析了该软件的适用性与局限。之后给出了使用XFOIL 与 Matlab 进行联合求解的方法,在无人干预的情况下完全实现了翼型设计与优化的自动化,提高了设计效率。在翼型优化阶段,为保持较高的精度和寻优效率,设计了翼型参数的实数编码方法。针对传统遗传优化算法了改进,设计了染色体变精度杂交方法以及动态惩罚方法。最后,给出了基于遗传算法的多点优化方案,以及翼型多目标快速优化一体化设计方案。仿真分成两部分进行,首先改进的 Hicks-Henne 型函数能够有效实现参数化翼型的后缘夹角改变。通过与 NSGA-II 方法的优化结果对比,本文的方法在一定迭代次数范围内获得的升阻比更高,失速特性更加缓和,特别是在综合提高翼型优化效率方面表现较好。仿真结果表明,该方法能够快速获得多种工况下具有较高升阻比的翼型,也可以作为进一步优化的初始翼型,能提高翼型优化效率。     

涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却换热实验

针对某型涡轮叶片放大模型的前缘冷却结构气膜冷却效果开展了细致的实验研究,利用红外热像仪测量了叶片表面的温度场分布,分析了前缘的气膜孔倾角、吹风比、主流雷诺数等参数对绝热冷却效率和压力损失的影响.实验中前缘的3排气膜孔倾角变化范围是35°~90°,主流雷诺数变化范围是76112~142624,吹风比变化范围是0.44~2.64.结果表明:气膜孔倾角越小,前缘驻点附近的气膜覆盖效果越好;气膜孔倾角为45°的叶片压力损失系数最小,气膜孔倾角为75°的叶片压力损失系数最大;主流雷诺数增大,绝热冷却效率下降,压力损失系数增加;吹风比增大到1.32时,绝热冷却效率达到最大,吹风比再增大绝热冷却效率反而下降.      

几何尺寸对高超声速进气道气动性能的影响

为了探索模型缩尺比对高超声速进气道气动性能的影响,对不同缩尺比的二元高超声速进气道开展了数值模拟研究,结果表明：随着缩尺比的增大,进气道流量系数、隔离段出口总压恢复系数和马赫数均逐渐增大,而静压比逐渐减小,且来流马赫数越高,上述参数变化幅度越大。由理论与数值模拟分析可知,上述现象主要是由于不同缩尺比下,进气道当地雷诺数不同,导致进气道附面层相对厚度变化,进而影响进气道气动性能。理论分析了进气道总压恢复系数与缩尺比的定量关系,就进气道而言,进气道进口处附面层相对厚度减小1%,隔离段出口总压恢复系数提高约0.7%。     

Systematic centroid error compensation for the simple Gaussian PSF in an electronic star map simulator

Simulated star maps serve as convenient inputs for the test of a star sensor, whose standardability mostly depends on the centroid precision of the simulated star image, so it is necessary to accomplish systematic error compensation for the simple Gaussian PSF（or SPSF, in which PSF denotes point spread function）. Firstly, the error mechanism of the SPSF is described, the reason of centroid deviations of the simulated star images based on SPSF lies in the unreasonable sampling positions（the centers of the covered pixels） of the Gaussian probability density function. Then in reference to the IPSF simulated star image spots regarded as ideal ones, and by means of normalization and numerical fitting, the pixel center offset function expressions are got, so the systematic centroid error compensation can be executed simply by substituting the pixel central position with the offset position in the SPSF. Finally, the centroid precision tests are conducted for the three big error cases of Gaussian radius r = 0.5, 0.6, 0.671 pixel, and the centroid accuracy with the compensated SPSF（when r = 0.5） is improved to 2.83 times that of the primitive SPSF, reaching a 0.008 pixel error, an equivalent level of the IPSF. Besides its simplicity, the compensated SPSF further increases both the shape similarity and the centroid precision of simulated star images, which helps to improve the image quality and the standardability of the outputs of an electronic star map simulator（ESS）.     

Fuzzy adaptive tracking control within the full envelope for an unmanned aerial vehicle

Motivated by the autopilot of an unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） with a wide flight envelope span experiencing large parametric variations in the presence of uncertainties, a fuzzy adaptive tracking controller（FATC） is proposed. The controller consists of a fuzzy baseline controller and an adaptive increment, and the main highlight is that the fuzzy baseline controller and adaptation laws are both based on the fuzzy multiple Lyapunov function approach, which helps to reduce the conservatism for the large envelope and guarantees satisfactory tracking performances with strong robustness simultaneously within the whole envelope. The constraint condition of the fuzzy baseline controller is provided in the form of linear matrix inequality（LMI）, and it specifies the satisfactory tracking performances in the absence of uncertainties. The adaptive increment ensures the uniformly ultimately bounded（UUB） predication errors to recover satisfactory responses in the presence of uncertainties. Simulation results show that the proposed controller helps to achieve high-accuracy tracking of airspeed and altitude desirable commands with strong robustness to uncertainties throughout the entire flight envelope.     

外测数据对流层折射误差修正及精度分析

针对对流层引起的航天器外测数据折射误差,基于对流层分段模型,以测站历史气象数据拟合折射衰减系数,建立测控站上空对流层折射率模型,并利用实测地面折射率对统计模型进行优化,进一步提高模型反映大气剖面的真实性.利用该模型对S频段多颗在轨卫星50多跟踪圈次的实测外测数据进行修正分析,并与微波辐射计实时修正结果进行比较,测距、测角、测速互差分别优于0.9m、0.02°、0.06 m/s.将该模型应用于卫星长管外测数据的实时修正,可提高轨道测量数据质量.     

A seventh-order model for dynamic response of an electro-hydraulic servo valve

In this paper, taking two degrees of freedom on the armature–flapper assembly into account, a seventh-order model is deduced and proposed for the dynamic response of a two-stage electro-hydraulic servo valve from nonlinear equations. These deductions are based on fundamental laws of electromagnetism, fluid, and general mechanics. The coefficients of the proposed seventhorder model are derived in terms of servo valve physical parameters and fluid properties explicitly.For validating the results of the proposed model, an AMESim simulation model based on physical laws and the existing low-order models validated by other researchers through experiments are used to compare with the seventh-order model. The results show that the seventh-order model can reflect the physical behavior of the servo valve more explicitly than the existing low-order models and it could provide guidance more easily for a linear control design approach and sensitivity analysis than the AMESim simulation model.     

基于人工势场法优化的蚁群无人机航路规划

针对复杂环境下无人机航路规划问题,提出一种势场法优化的蚁群航路规划算法。为了改善蚁群初始路径搜索过程中的盲目性,将人工势场法的规划结果作为先验知识,对蚁群初始到达的栅格进行邻域信息素的初始化,进而运用改进的蚁群算法完成航路搜索任务。仿真结果表明,新算法具有收敛速度快,规划路径短以及环境自适应的优点。     

T型靠背风速管研制及其在动车组流量测试中的应用

为解决动车组底板和部分通风通道流速方向变化、安装空间狭小而无法采用传统测速仪器的问题,研制了一种新型具有较佳全压孔形式的微型T型靠背风速管,通过风洞试验标定的方法分析了不同弯管段长度、不同风偏角以及不同空气流速对流速管流速系数的影响,并在动车组新风通道流量测量的实车试验中对其工作特性进行了验证。确定了弯管段最佳长径比为L/D=2,该结构尺寸下,随着动压的改变,流速系数波动不明显,最大变化率为1.34%,平均流速系数为0.741;风偏角在10°范围以内变化时流速系数变化不大,最大相差6.12%;在动车组新风通道流量测试的实车试验中,测得的流量值与额定风量值之间的最大误差为4.03%。这种新型靠背管结构尺寸简单且具有双向性的特点,对流速及风偏角变化敏感程度较小,工作稳定可靠,测试精度较高。     

齿间凸起对直通篦齿封严特性影响的数值研究

为提升篦齿的密封性能,对在齿间光滑衬套上增加矩形凸起的直通篦齿的流动特性进行了数值研究,分析了压比、凸起的尺寸和轴向位置对篦齿泄漏特性的影响。和光滑齿相比,凸起破坏了壁面射流附面层的连续性,改变了流体在齿腔中的流动方向,有效地提高了通道的密封性能,降低了通道的泄漏量。结果表明,当压比为2时,含有凸起结构的篦齿的泄漏系数较光滑齿降低了13%,当压比增加到4时,泄漏系数更是降低了18%;凸起的高度越大宽度越小,凸起对篦齿密封性能的提高就越明显;凸起和下级齿之间的轴向距离越短,凸起对流入下级齿的气体流动方向改变就越大,密封性能也就越好。