航空发动机多变量变增益控制器设计及仿真

针对航空发动机全包线工作下的多变量变增益控制器设计问题,给出了一种改进的埃德蒙德算法（以下简称KQ算法）并进行了仿真应用。首先,阐明了多变量KQ算法的控制原理与优化算法,进而通过闭环期望函数选择、控制器结构选择以及控制器参数优化进行了KQ控制器设计,并针对所设计的KQ控制器,给出了稳定性证明和系统奇异值分析。分析表明所设计KQ控制器能够使系统闭环稳定,且具有满意的低频指令跟踪、干扰抑制能力、传感器噪声的抑制、高频未建模动态的鲁棒稳定性和低频发动机建模误差不敏感等性能,满足发动机控制要求。其次,通过调度变量选择、设计点KQ控制器设计以及采用插值方法的非设计点KQ控制器设计等过程实现某型涡扇发动机的多变量KQ变增益控制器设计研究,并进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,设计点条件下,当涡轮后温度和增压比参考输入均为阶跃信号时,其被控参数响应速度很快,且上升时间均小于1 s,耦合影响小于6%,设计点KQ控制器满足控制要求;非设计点条件下,利用插值方法建立的KQ变增益控制器具有较好的性能,能够实现该型涡扇发动机全包线控制性能要求。      

型面旋转变马赫数风洞喷管的优化设计

型面旋转的变马赫数可调风洞喷管因其能够实现出口马赫数的连续快速变化、调节容易和流场品质较好等优点,成为目前地面变马赫数风洞研究的热点。将出口马赫数范围为2.0~4.0的变马赫数风洞喷管作为研究对象,基于iSIGHT和Fluent等软件搭建了适于该风洞喷管的优化设计平台,研究了型线设计中设计点马赫数、初始膨胀线和附面层修正量等因素对变马赫数出口流场的影响,应用NSGAⅡ算法在依据试验设计点所构建的Kriging近似模型上搜索,得到最优的风洞喷管基准型线,并对该基准型线进行二维、三维数值仿真校核,结果显示：通过旋转优选得到的基准型线能够得到马赫数范围为2.0~4.0的变马赫数出口流场,且流场均匀性基本满足固定型面、单设计点风洞喷管的国军标（GJB-1179-91）合格指标,为变马赫数可调风洞喷管在变马赫数风洞中的实际应用奠定了良好的基础。     

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Based on the purpose of better exploring the function of green producers in the closed aquatic biological life support system, the condition of dynamic O₂ evolution and performance of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF-PSI) in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis were studied, the relationship between linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF-PSI was revealed, the function of CEF-PSI was investigated. Excellent consistency in O₂ evolution pattern was observed in cultures grown in both closed and open containers, O₂ evolution was strictly suppressed in phase 1, but the rate of it increased significantly in phase 2. CEF-PSI was proposed to be active during the whole course of cultivation, even in the declining phase 3, it still operated at the extent of 47–55%. It is suggested that the relationship between LEF and CEF-PSI is not only competition but also reciprocity. CEF-PSI was proposed to contribute to the considerable growth in phase 1; it was also suggested to play an important protective role against photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition at the greatly enhanced level (approximately 80–95%) on the 2nd day. Our results in this research suggest that E. gracilis had very particular photosynthetic characteristics, the strict O₂ evolution suppression in the initial culture phase might be a special light acclimation behavior, and CEF-PSI could be an important mechanism involved in this kind of adaptation to the changeable light environment.     

Cross-hemisphere comparison of mid-latitude ionospheric variability during 1996–2009: Juliusruh vs. Hobart

Analysis of a long-time series of hourly median characteristics of the ionospheric plasma at two mid-latitude locations in the Northern and Southern hemisphere, Juliusruh (54.6N; 13.4E) and Hobart (42.9S; 147.3E), reveals patterns of their synchronous and independent variability. We studied timelines of GPS vTEC, ionogram-derived F2-layer peak electron density NmF2, ionospheric equivalent slab thickness τ, and their ratios at two locations during the complete 23rd solar cycle and its following period of the extremely low solar activity in 2008–2009. This study has also involved the comparative analysis of the observed data versus the model predictions by IRI-2012. During the high solar activity in 2000–2002, seasonal variations show a complicated cross-hemisphere behavior influenced by the winter and semi-annual anomalies, with the largest noon-time values of TEC and NmF2 observed around equinoxes. Strength of the winter anomaly in NmF2 was significantly greater at Juliusruh in comparison with Hobart. The winter anomaly in GPS vTEC values was much weaker than in NmF2 for the Northern hemisphere mid-latitudes and was entirely absent at the Southern hemisphere. Cross-hemisphere analysis of the equivalent slab thickness shows its clear seasonal dependence for all levels of solar activity: the day-time maximum τ_max is observed during local summer, whereas the day-time minimum τ_min is observed during local winter. The night-time values of τ were higher compared to the day-time values during the winter and equinox seasons. Comparative model-data study shows rather good IRI performance of the day-time NmF2 for mid-latitudes of both hemispheres and rather noticeable overestimations for the mid-night NmF2 values during high solar activity. Analysis of IRI vTEC demonstrates the model limitations, related with the absence of the plasmaspheric part, and actual demand in a reliable and standard ionosphere–plasmasphere model for analysis of GPS vTEC.     

卫星姿态控制系统在轨实时健康评估

面向航天器在轨智能自主管控的技术需求,提出一种基于多级模糊综合评价架构的卫星姿态控制系统的在轨实时健康评估方法.根据卫星姿态控制系统的性能特点,按实际功能将其划分为姿态测量、控制器和执行机构3个部分.在确定各部分单元部件健康信息的基础上,基于模糊综合评价算法对各部分的健康度分别进行评估.基于评估所得到的姿态测量、控制器和执行机构3部分健康信息,根据各部分对系统健康的影响情况结合变权综合原理确定健康影响权重,采用模糊综合评价算法实现对姿态控制系统整体健康性能的综合评估.仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效实现卫星姿态控制系统的在轨实时健康评估.     

优化转速旋翼性能分析与应用

旋翼转速的变化会对直升机性能产生重要影响,通过建立优化转速旋翼性能分析综合模型,包含PetersHe广义动态入流模型和全机配平模型,以国产现役某轻型直升机为例,分析前飞速度、起飞质量、飞行高度等对变转速旋翼转速优化路径的影响,分析变转速旋翼技术对提高直升机航时等性能的可能性。分析结果表明:通过合理降低旋翼转速,可以使最大起飞质量下的需用功率降低30%;起飞质量越轻、飞行高度越低,旋翼优化转速越低,需用功率降低越明显;通过优化转速完全消耗400kg燃油,通过优化旋翼转速,可使最大续航时间提高20.5%,最大航程提高8.5%;桨叶内段布置厚翼型能提高桨叶刚度,增加大速度时需用功率,但对中低速度飞行时总体性能影响较小,不影响长航时的优点。     

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机起动过程仿真研究

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机是我国首台采用双推力室方案、自身分级起动方式的重型液体火箭发动机。结合重型发动机特点建立了描述发动机起动过程的数学模型,通过数值仿真分析了影响发动机起动特性的主要因素,确定了发动机的起动方案。研究结果表明：液氧主阀和发生器燃料阀打开时差应确保发生器点火在氧头腔充满后进行;流量调节器的转初级起始时间应早于推力室建压时间;燃料节流阀转大流量应在发动机起动受控段进行。     

未来航空燃料原料可持续性研究

运用全生命周期评价方法,评价未来航空燃料原料可持续性。以传统石油基航空燃料为基准,分析未来8种航空燃料原料（煤、天然气、能源藻、麻疯树、大豆、棕榈、油菜籽及亚麻荠）的可持续性。评价路径包括原料阶段、燃料阶段和应用阶段。原料阶段考虑基础设施消耗,燃料阶段考虑因电能消耗嵌套引起的碳排放。评价指标不仅包括能量、化石能源、水资源消耗和温室气体（GHG）排放,而且包括了环境污染雾霾中的主要成分PM10和PM2.5排放。本文为选择航空替代燃料原料来源提供理论和技术基础。结果表明,在原料阶段,生物基温室气体排放相比石油基均降低,其中大豆油碳减排最明显,麻疯树基航空燃料PM10和PM2.5排放量大,因在种植过程中加入大量化肥。在燃料阶段,煤基费托过程能量消耗大,碳排放高。通过全生命周期分析,煤基费托温室气体排放高,大豆温室气体排放较低,其次是能源藻。在不与人争粮,不与粮争地的前提下、不占用耕地的能源藻具有可持续大规模制备航空替代燃料的应用前景。      

考虑振动环境影响及具有落角度约束的制导律设计与仿真

为解决因振动环境下视线角和视线角速度抖动而使打击精度降低的问题,文章研究一种具有抗干扰能力和落角度约束的飞行器(含导弹)制导律。建立了飞行器和目标的相对运动方程组,运用变结构控制理论,设计了一种具有落角度约束的制导律,并在制导律中引入视线角和视线角速度的抖动分量。通过仿真对比分析所设计的制导律与修正比例制导律,在攻击固定目标时,两种制导律的效果都能满足脱靶量和落角度约束的要求;而在攻击机动目标时,所设计的制导律控制效果明显优于修正比例制导律,并且飞行器的控制量能根据视线角速度变化较快地做出反应,从而使打击末段脱靶量较小。     

静强度/耐久性初步结构优化设计方法

由于有限元模型精度的限制,在以往初步结构设计中难于开展耐久性分析,这样会在结构设计中埋下疲劳寿命不足的问题,增加结构细节设计的难度,甚至引发结构超重问题。针对这一问题,在飞机结构的变精度模型技术和细节疲劳额定值方法的基础上,提出了静强度与耐久性综合约束下的初步结构设计方法,将耐久性设计分析工作从详细结构设计后期提前到初步结构设计阶段,并以某一折叠机翼为研究对象,在其结构选型与布置中就对关键结构（内外翼连接耳片）中的应力进行控制,通过多工况优化设计保证了连接耳片的疲劳裕度大于零,这样可以有效地减少详细结构设计中由于疲劳寿命不足而引起的多次迭代设计,并有助于获得更轻量化的结构设计。