Modeling and control of a novel electro-hydrostatic actuator with adaptive pump displacement

The variable pump displacement and variable motor speed electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), one of the three types of EHAs, has advantages such as short response time, flexible speed regulation, and high efficiency. However, the nonlinearity of its double-input single-output system poses a great challenge for system control. This study proposes a novel EHA with adaptive pump displacement and variable motor speed (EHA-APVM). A closed-loop position is realized using a servomotor. Moreover, the displacement varies with the system pressure; thus, the EHA-APVM is a single-input and single-output system. Firstly, the working principles of the EHA-APVM and the pump used in the system are introduced. Secondly, a nonlinear mathematical model of the proposed EHA-APVM control system is established, and a feedback back-stepping (FBBS) control algorithm is introduced to transform the complex nonlinear system into a linear system on the basis of the back-stepping control theory. Finally, simulation results prove that the EHA-APVM has a quick response and high robustness to variations of the load and the pump displacement. In this work, the size and weight of the motor are significantly reduced because the maximum power requirement is reduced, which is very beneficial for using the actuator in airborne equipment.     

航空发动机滑片泵数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件Star-cd二次开发功能模拟了某一航空发动机滑片泵的内部流场,分析了计算中是否引入空化模型对计算结果的影响,以及滑片泵定子和滑片间隙大小对滑片泵性能的影响,预测了不同工况下,滑片泵内出现空化的位置和区域大小.计算结果表明:由于滑片泵叶片转动,从而引起空化区域范围的缩小和增大,泵油量也相应地增加和减小,使得滑片泵进口瞬时流量较为平稳,而出口瞬时流量有较大的脉动,进、出口周期平均流量与计算总平均流量的误差小于1.5%,计算总平均流量与该滑片泵样件的台架实验测试结果之间的误差小于3%;滑片泵转子叶片与定子壁面间隙增大,泄漏量增加,滑片泵的平均流量减小;间隙为0.07mm的滑片泵计算总平均流量相对于间隙为0.02mm的计算总平均流量减小3.1%.从计算结果可以推断,滑片泵的进口流道应与吸油腔正对,可以减少进口流道内空化区域和流动阻力.      

Effect of nickel introduced by electroplating on pyrocarbon deposition of carbon-fiber preforms

In order to improve the deposition rate and microstructure of pyrocarbon, nickel was introduced by electroplating on carbon fibers and used as a catalyst during the deposition of pyrocarbon at 1000 C using methane as a precursor gas. The distribution of nickel catalyst and the microstructure of pyrocarbon were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and Raman micro-spectrometry. Results show that nano-sized nickel particles could be well distributed on carbon fibers and the pyrocarbon deposited catalytically had a smaller d002 value and a higher graphitization degree compared with that without catalyst. In addition, the deposition rate of pyrocarbon in each hour was measured.The deposition rate of pyrocarbon in the first hour was more than 10 times when carbon cloth substrates were doped with nickel catalysts as compared to the pure carbon cloths. The pyrocarbon gained by rapid deposition may include two parts, which are generation directly on the nickel catalyst and formation with the carbon nanofibers as crystal nucleus.     

某涡轮导向叶片换热实验与计算

针对某涡轮导向叶片,实验测量了光滑叶片表面的压力系数和速比系数,并使用瞬态液晶测量技术获得了叶片全表面传热系数分布.分别使用shear stress transport（SST）,k-ω,k-ε和renormalization group（RNG）k-ε四种湍流模型模拟了相同结构尺寸的叶栅通道内的流动与换热,并与实验结果进行对比.结果表明:压力面压力系数沿弧长方向逐渐下降,吸力面上压力系数先快速下降达到最小值后缓慢上升（出现逆压梯度）.叶栅通道和叶片表面附近气流流动结构的复杂性导致叶片表面传热系数分布较为复杂.4种湍流模型对压力系数和速比系数的计算结果相互差别不大,计算数据也比较接近实验值.关于叶片表面传热系数,SST模型计算结果分布规律与实验接近,而其他3种湍流模型都没有能模拟出吸力面边界层分离对换热的影响.      

Performance investigation of intercooler operating in wet condition using distributed parameter model

The performance of a marine gas turbine intercooler operating in wet condition was evaluated.The intercooler was a cross-flow plate-fin heat exchanger that used air and pure water as its working fluids at the hot and cold sides,respectively.The heat transfer performance and the water vapor condensation were investigated for a relative humidity of the inlet air that reached 100% during warship cruise.The condensation of the water vapors increased the hot side outlet temperature by a certain amount,which could in turn influence the performance of the compressor downstream.The condensate film thickness and the void fraction were calculated based on an annular two-phase flow model.It is found that water vapor condensation in hot flow channel increases the outlet temperature with a maximum value of 7.3℃ in the case of 100% relative humidity.The calculated liquid film thickness reaches a maximum value of 4μm,which indicates negligible thermal resistance to heat transfer.The results of liquid film thicknesses also provide a qualitative prediction of the diameter distribution of the condensate water droplets.     

水汽对折光修正精度的影响分析

针对当前部分折光修正的工程应用常常忽略水汽影响的现状,选取了国内4个不同地域的气象站点,基于1995年的数百组历史气象探空数据,利用射线描迹法分别仿真计算包含水汽和忽略水汽2种情况下由于大气折射引起的测距误差和测角误差,并对这4个站点不同仰角和不同时间的测距偏差和测角偏差进行统计分析,结果表明：水汽是构成测量残差的一个重要误差源,对于精度要求较高的折光修正系统,水汽的影响不能忽略.该分析结果可为其他需要考虑大气折射效应影响的高精度光学测量工程领域提供参考.     

高流速时横掠管束的流动阻力特性实验研究

为了在空气流速很高的航空发动机外涵道中使用管式空-空换热器，用实验的方法研究了高流速时考虑压缩效应影响的椭圆管束和圆管束的流动阻力特性，并对二者进行了对比。结果表明：相同几何排列情况下，两种管束的阻力系数随雷诺数的变化趋势大体相同；但椭圆管束的阻力系数明显低于圆管的阻力系数。在实际使用中应首选椭圆管束结构形式。     

计算物理中的数学实验方法

论述了计算物理与数学实验的关系,以及数学实验对计算物理的重要性,并通过实例说明,利用数学实验方法可以简化计算,突出物理概念,使问题得到更好的解决。     

圆轴承三维热流体动力润滑的研究

联立求解了广义雷诺方程、三维能量方程、三维固体热传导方程及载荷平衡方程 ,并考虑粘度随温度及压力、密度随粘度及压力的变化 ,在油膜与轴瓦界面使用热流连续性边界条件 ,得到了圆轴承油膜及轴瓦的三维温度场。结果表明最高温度并不出现在油膜与轴瓦交界面 ,不同圆周位置沿膜厚方向的最高温度出现位置不同。证实了考虑三维温度得到的轴承的润滑性能与考虑二维温度得到的轴承润滑性能有很大的差异。采用Newton-Raphson法求解广义雷诺方程和载荷平衡方程 ,采用快速扫描法求解由有限差分离散的能量方程和热传导方程 ,在计算中发现所使用的算法收敛速度快 ,大大节约了计算时间。     

甲烷气体的冲击状态方程数值计算

为了研究甲烷气体的冲击状态方程，用一维无粘流体反应动力学方程组。分别以7组元17步反应和13组元加步反应模型计算了常温下压力为0．12MPa时受高速飞片撞击的甲烷气体的Hugoniot数据，给出了飞片速度为3km／s-9km／s范围内9种条件下的数值结果。在相同的初始条件下，当飞片速度较低(如3km／s)时两种反应模型给出相同的结果。通过较高飞片速度下的计算结果与实验结果比较，13组元40步反应模型给出的数值结果与实验结果基本一致。