浅谈基于IPDT的民用飞机重量控制技术

在民机研制过程中,有效地实施重量控制对于项目的成功非常关键。飞机超重不仅会导致设计和运营成本的增加,也将无法实现既定的商载和航程等设计指标。从各部门与重量控制工作的联系出发,结合某型民用飞机的设计实践,介绍了产品联合研发团队(IPDT)模式下重量控制的工作内容、工作流程和常用的减重方法,为民机的重量控制工作提供借鉴和参考。     

穿越微下冲气流的飞翼布局无人机控制方法

微下冲气流是最危险的低空风切变形式,为在起降阶段安全穿越该气流,飞翼布局的无人机控制律应具有快速响应能力和良好的鲁棒性。针对大展弦比飞翼布局无人机舵面附加升力大和低速状态俯仰操纵效能低的特点,提出了舵面附加升力和机体气动力相结合的复合控制方案,改进了以输出误差为参考量的非线性指令分配策略,设计了基于迎角保护的指令分配策略。将风干扰和模型的不确定性视为未知扰动,采用自抗扰控制(ADRC)理论设计飞翼布局无人机非线性控制律,使之对风干扰和模型的不确定性进行估计补偿。仿真结果表明,复合控制与ADRC相结合的方法加速了航迹倾角的单位阶跃响应速度,使上升时间缩短了64%,同时能够实现对风干扰的有效观测和补偿,使高度损失低于2m;能够在风切变中有效保护迎角,使其维持在5.5°以内。因此,该方法能够为飞翼布局无人机安全平稳地穿越微下冲气流提供一种参考方案。     

Numerical analysis and optimization of boundary layer suction on airfoils

Numerical approach of hybrid laminar flow control(HLFC) is investigated for the suction hole with a width between 0.5 mm and 7 mm. The accuracy of Menter and Langtry’s transition model applied for simulating the flow with boundary layer suction is validated. The experiment data are compared with the computational results. The solutions show that this transition model can predict the transition position with suction control accurately. A well designed laminar airfoil is selected in the present research. For suction control with a single hole, the physical mechanism of suction control, including the impact of suction coefficient and the width and position of the suction hole on control results, is analyzed. The single hole simulation results indicate that it is favorable for transition delay and drag reduction to increase the suction coefficient and set the hole position closer to the trailing edge properly. The modified radial basis function(RBF) neural network and the modified differential evolution algorithm are used to optimize the design for suction control with three holes. The design variables are suction coefficient, hole width, hole position and hole spacing. The optimization target is to obtain the minimum drag coefficient. After optimization,the transition delay can be up to 17% and the aerodynamic drag coefficient can decrease by 12.1%.     

Specific grinding energy and surface roughness of nanoparticle jet minimum quantity lubrication in grinding

Nanoparticles with the anti-wear and friction reducing features were applied as cooling lubricant in the grinding fluid. Dry grinding, flood grinding, minimal quantity of lubrication（MQL）, and nanoparticle jet MQL were used in the grinding experiments. The specific grinding energy of dry grinding, flood grinding and MQL were 84, 29.8, 45.5 J/mm³, respectively. The specific grinding energy significantly decreased to 32.7 J/mm³ in nanoparticle MQL. Compared with dry grinding, the surface roughness values of flood grinding, MQL, and nanoparticle jet MQL were significantly reduced with the surface topography profile values reduced by 11%, 2.5%, and 10%,respectively, and the ten point height of microcosmic unflatness values reduced by 1.5%, 0.5%,and 1.3%, respectively. These results verified the satisfactory lubrication effects of nanoparticle MQL. MoS₂, carbon nanotube（CNT）, and ZrO₂ nanoparticles were also added in the grinding fluid of nanoparticle jet MQL to analyze their grinding surface lubrication effects. The specific grinding energy of MoS₂ nanoparticle was only 32.7 J/mm³, which was 8.22% and 10.39% lower than those of the other two nanoparticles. Moreover, the surface roughness of workpiece was also smaller with MoS₂ nanoparticle, which indicated its remarkable lubrication effects. Furthermore,the role of MoS₂ particles in the grinding surface lubrication at different nanoparticle volume concentrations was analyzed. MoS₂ volume concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% were used.Experimental results revealed that the specific grinding energy and the workpiece surface roughness initially increased and then decreased as MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration increased.Satisfactory grinding surface lubrication effects were obtained with 2% MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration.     

应召反潜时无人机监听航路的规划

浮标阵是航空反潜模式下应召搜潜时常用的一种反潜手段。在假设浮标阵已被布设完毕并且由无人机对其进行实时监听的前提下,文章重点研究了无人机监听航线的规划问题。首先,研究了浮标阵的布设及其特点,分析了无人机航路的代价问题;接着,根据浮标阵的特点规划出了无人机监听方形浮标阵的监听航路飞行方案,并对所规划航路的技术指标进行了分析和研究;最后,对无人机的监听航路进行了计算,计算结果表明文中所规划的方案是可行的,这为无人机监听浮标阵的实际应用提供了参考。     

基于混合优化的运载器大气层内上升段轨迹快速规划方法

针对运载器大气层内的最优轨迹快速规划问题,提出一种将求解最优控制问题的间接法与直接法相结合的混合优化方法。首先,基于最优控制问题的一阶必要条件,将运载器大气层内的三维最优上升问题转化为Hamiltonian两点边值问题;然后,采用直接法中能以较少的节点获得较高求解精度的Gauss伪谱法进行求解,提高算法的求解效率;最后,采用真空解析解初值及密度同伦技术,解决初值猜测与算法收敛困难的问题。仿真结果表明,混合优化算法能够准确、快速地对运载器大气层内的最优上升轨迹问题进行求解,并在计算精度与效率上均优于间接法,可应用于运载器的轨迹在线规划与闭环制导。     

基于滑模干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器滑模控制

首先,针对存在外部干扰和输入饱和的通用式高超声速飞行器的纵向动态模型,提出一种基于滑模干扰观测器的抗饱和滑模控制器。该滑模控制器采用非线性趋近律,在保证系统快速、稳定跟踪指令的同时,能够消除传统滑模控制中的抖振现象,并针对执行器饱和问题,加入抗饱和补偿器,以提高系统的稳定性。其次,对于系统中存在的干扰和不确定性,提出一种滑模干扰观测器,用以准确估计系统中存在的等效干扰,并将该观测器对干扰的估计值应用于滑模控制器中进行补偿,以消除干扰。再次,利用Lyapunov理论对所提出的基于滑模干扰观测器的抗饱和滑模控制器进行稳定性分析。最后,对高超声速飞行器的巡航状态进行仿真。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效提高系统的稳定性和抗干扰性,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

飞翼无人机3种保形进气口进气道气动与隐身综合特性对比

基于飞翼布局无人机隐身与结构装载布置要求,保形设计了3种进气口形状的背负式S弯进气道,按照进口投影截面形状上、下底之比顺序排列,分别为三角形、梯形和矩形.利用数值模拟方法对无人机内外流场耦合流动进行计算分析,且基于射线弹跳(SBR)法对进气道电磁散射特性进行仿真研究,获得了飞翼无人机3种进气道的气动与隐身综合特性.研究结果表明:①矩形进气道模型升阻和纵向力矩特性表现均最好;②3种 进气道模型按顺序排列总压恢复系数逐渐增大,畸变指数逐渐减小,进气道沿程气流也逐渐顺畅,矩形进气道模型进气道内流特性最优;③0°迎角下3种进气道模型雷达散射截面(RCS)均值基本呈现先增大后减小的特征,进气道终端开放时矩形进气道模型隐身性能最好,而终端短路时三角形进气道模型隐身效果更优异.      

旋转机翼悬停气动特性研究

鸭式旋转机翼(CRW)是一种先进的高速直升机方案,旋翼同时也是机翼,是其最关键气动部件之一。采用结构分区拼接网格技术进行空间离散,分区建立参考系,通过求解多重参考系下的N-S方程来计算旋翼流场,首先以传统的Caradonna-Tung实验旋翼的亚、跨声速悬停流场分析为例验证该方法的可靠性,进而采用该方法对旋转机翼悬停流场进行了数值计算,旋翼拉力计算值和地面实验值吻合较好,结果分析表明旋转机翼的悬停流场有着不同于传统旋翼的流场特性。     

S形进气道锤击波荷载特性分析

利用基于改进的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法,对亚声速和超声速来流条件下某S形模型进气道进行了非定常计算,研究了发动机喘振所产生的瞬时高压波形对锤击波传播规律的影响.结果表明:锤击波产生后沿进气道迅速向前传播,运动过程中锤击波的运动速度基本保持不变,但强度不断增强.同时受气流离心力的影响,S形进气道弯曲段半径较大一侧壁面受到的锤击波气动荷载值更大.发动机喘振所产生的瞬时高压的加载梯度增加使得锤击波传播速度及强度增强,而压力卸载方式对锤击波强度的影响不明显.在亚声速和超声速来流条件下,增加瞬时高压峰值均使得锤击波荷载强度显著增强,并近似符合二次函数分布规律,而且超声速来流条件下锤击波强度较亚声速来流更强.