Sunspot activity and cosmic ray modulation at 1 a.u. for 1900–2013

The descent of sunspot cycle 23 to an unprecedented minimum of long duration in 2006–2009 led to a prolonged galactic cosmic ray (GCR) recovery to the highest level observed in the instrumental era for a variety of energetic charged particle species on Earth, over a wide range of rigidities. The remarkable GCR increase measured by several ground-based, balloon-borne, and detectors on a satellite is described and discussed. It is accompanied by a decrease in solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field at 1 a.u., reaching the lowest values since measurements of the solar wind began in October 1963; the solar polar field strength (μT) measured at the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) is also significantly reduced compared to prior cycles since the start of the program in 1976, the polar field in the northern hemisphere reversed in June 2012 and again in February 2014, that in the southern hemisphere reversed in July 2013. If updates of WSO data confirm the second reversal in northern solar hemisphere, it would pose a serious challenge to the Dynamo Theory. The long-term change in solar behavior may have begun in 1992, perhaps earlier. The physical underpinnings of these solar changes need to be understood and their effect on GCR modulation processes clarified. The study discusses the recent phenomena in the context of GCR modulation since 1900. These happenings affected our empirical predictions for the key parameters for the next two sunspot cycles (they may be progressively less active than sunspot cycle 24) but it enhanced support for our prediction that solar activity is descending into a Dalton-like grand minimum in the middle of the twentyfirst century, reducing the frequency of the coronal mass ejections; they determine the space weather affecting the quality of life on Earth, radiation dose for hardware and human activities in space as well as the frequency of large Forbush decreases at 1 a.u.     

A calibration neutron monitor: Statistical accuracy and environmental sensitivity

This paper is a follow-on of that of Krüger et al. [Krüger, H., Moraal, H., Bieber, J.W., Clem, J.M., Evenson, P.A., Pyle, K.R., Duldig, M.L., Humble, J.E. A calibration neutron monitor: energy response and instrumental temperature sensitivity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08101, doi:10.1029/2008JA013229, 2008], that describes the characteristics of a pair of calibration neutron monitors that were developed to intercalibrate the count rates of the world’s neutron monitors against each other. Such an intercalibration will allow the calculation of energy (rigidity) spectra, which will enhance the quality of the neutron monitor data. Krüger et al. (2008) investigated the energy and temperature response of the calibrators. This paper studies the statistical accuracy of the calibration procedure, its repeatability, and the sensitivity to its environment. The paper concludes with a calibration procedure that can minimise the uncertainties caused by these five effects, or at least correct for them.     

Mean energy of response to galactic cosmic ray spectrum: IMP 8 and Climax neutron monitor

Solar modulations of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity contain a wealth of information about their transport in the heliosphere. To extract this information from the data one studies the dependence of the observed modulations on the mean energy of response of detectors providing data for the analyses. There is a great deal of confusion about the detector energy response to GCR spectrum in the literature. We present a preliminary report on the computations of the mean energy of response for the Climax neutron monitor (CL/NM) and IMP 8 cosmic ray nuclear composition instrument to GCR protons for 1973–1998, covering the solar cycles 21 and 22. We find that for penetrating proton channel on IMP 8 the mean energy changes by a factor of over two whereas for the neutron monitor the change is only 21%. However, the corresponding change for the computed modulation function is a factor of about 3.5.     

平板湍流摩阻系数的显式表达式

 湍流摩阻系数的计算是工程技术中经常遇到的问题。计算时所依据的公式多为半经验半理论的结果,如Karman公式,Van Driest公式和Prandtl公式等。这些公式是以隐函数给出的,给计算带来不便。但是不难发现,这类公式经过适当的变换,可以化为统一形式的超越代数方程,这种方程没有有限形式的解析解,本文给出了一种近似解析解。根据这种方法除了导出上述公式的显式表达式外,还对White公式作了修正。当然解超越代数方程最根本的方法是迭代法,本文对此也作了简单讨论。     

对称翼型近场尾流及后缘边界层流动特性的试验研究

本文简述了用热线风速仪测量“NACA 63-012”对称翼型近场尾流及后缘边界层流动特性,讨论了流场的时均特性及雷诺应力等湍流量的分布特性,提出了无因次速度分布的半经验公式、相关参数及相关曲线解析式,并得出了几点重要结论。     

风对建筑绕流流动的数值方法

本文利用k-ε湍流模型及SIMPLE方法,在二维条件下,就风对建筑绕流流动进行了数值模拟,建筑及地面的边界条件采用以低Re数k-ε湍流模型中导出的壁函数处理近壁湍流。自由边界采用外推格式。对于计算域中的建筑物则利用控制粘性系数的方法处理。并对计算结果和风洞实验进行了比较。 为了研究建筑物之间的气流及压力分布,本文还对并列两栋建筑的不同情况进行了数值计算和分析。     

混合解析/数值方法及其在湍流数值模拟上的应用

针对带小时间尺度的源项的方程描述的流动问题,提出了混合解析/数值方法。混合解析/数值方法的基本思想是:分裂原始方程组为对流-扩散部分的偏微分方程和源项的常微分方程。偏微分方程采用合适的数值方法求解,而常微分方程采用解析方式积分。模型方程的理论误差研究表明,混合方法提高了源项处理的精度,降低了混合方法的整体数值误差。分析同时表明,基于时间分裂的算法在求解含源项双曲系统的定常类型问题,会存在数值振荡。为此发展了非分裂方式的混合解析/数值方法,在湍流模型数值计算中提高了数值稳定性,而且加快了计算的收敛速度。     

多载波调制结合Turbo编码技术的性能分析

多载波调制是一种有效克服衰落信道频率选择性的技术,从而显著减少码间干扰(ISI)。Turbo码以其接近香农极限的工作性能受到人们的注目,它能在极低信噪比条件下提供可靠通信。把多载波调制与Turbo 编码结合起来能够对整个系统提供显著的性能增益。本文试图对采用这两种技术的通信系统给出性能上的评估。     

三维舵面绕流的N-S方程计算研究

基于粘性非结构混合网格,采用格心格式的有限体积法,应用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型进行绕三维舵面流动的N-S方程数值模拟。操纵面铰链力矩的计算结果与风洞试验结果的对比分析表明,计算方法对粘性流动具有良好的适应性。对舵面铰链力矩随迎角、马赫数、雷诺数变化的规律也进行了分析研究。     

多段翼型绕流的数值模拟研究

采用C—H型混合的结构化网格,选用Wilcox提出的k-ω模型求解可压的N-S方程,模拟了多段翼型的流场。结果表明：在4°和6°迎角下的非定常计算结果与试验结果的对比,计算结果与试验值吻合的较好。本文应用了亚迭代时间法,正确地描述了30P30N多段翼型前缘结构区域的流动特征和流动机理。