地效飞行器地面巡航气动性能数值模拟及分析

采用有限体积方法求解定常可压缩流动的质量加权平均N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,模拟地效飞行器地面巡航全机流场。计算结果给出了地效飞行器气动性能随飞行高度和迎角的变化规律;采用镜像法理想涡模型分析了地面效应对翼尖涡位置和气流下洗角的影响;详细阐明了地面效应对诱导阻力的影响规律。     

Euler computation of the nearfield wake vortex of an aircraft in take-off configuration

Numerical simulations based on the three-dimensional Euler equations are used to investigate the predictive capability of an Euler code for calculations of the nearfield wake of a narrow-body airliner wind tunnel model in take-off configuration up to a half span behind the wing tip trailing edge. Simulation results on both structured and unstructured grids are presented. The results on the block-structured grid were obtained within the scope of the EU-project EUROWAKE. The simulation quality of the vortex formation and spatial development is analysed by comparison to wind tunnel measurements of the spanwise lift distribution available from the EU-project DUPRIN II and to experimental PIV data available from the EU-project EUROWAKE.     

带副翼偏转的三角翼自由滚转运动数值模拟

 通过耦合求解非定常Euler/Navier-Stokes方程和单自由度滚转运动方程,对带副翼偏转的65°后掠角尖前缘三角翼WI1-SLE自由滚转运动进行了研究,Navier-Stokes方程的求解采用基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的脱体涡模拟(DES)。在多块结构网格上,应用基于弧长的无限插值理论(TFI)生成变形网格,实现副翼偏转,而三角翼的滚转运动则通过网格的整体旋转实现。结果表明:Euler方程和DES方法均准确地模拟出了三角翼在滚转运动过程中存在的3个平衡位置。出现平衡位置的原因分别是:①流动对称性;②机翼左侧发生涡破裂的分离涡与右侧分离涡相互平衡使得滚转力矩为0,并且平衡位置仅与三角翼两侧涡强的差有关;③副翼偏转和左右机翼不对称分离涡涡强差产生的滚转力矩相互平衡。此外,滚转运动对副翼偏角幅值很敏感,幅值的微小改变会影响最终的平衡位置和向平衡位置运动的路径。     

涡轮级间双涡燃烧室的出口温度分布试验

在单涡燃烧室研究的基础上,对双涡燃烧室进行出口温度分布试验研究,得到了影响出口温度分布系数(OTDF)的因素如下:①随着主流马赫数的增加,出口温度分布系数减小;②主流温度对出口温度分布影响较大,出口温度分布系数随主流温度的增加而减小;③随着余气系数的增大,出口温度分布系数都有先增大后趋于平缓或减小的过程;④不同的凹腔结构对出口温度分布系数的影响很大,综合各个试验件结果,深宽比为0.8,后体进气方式为开槽进气的双1试验件的出口温度分布系数最小.      

全环涡轮级间燃烧室性能试验

以涡轮级间燃烧室(ITB)应用于涡轴发动机为研究平台,根据ITB的应用环境,采用凹腔驻涡燃烧室作为涡轮级间燃烧室,设计加工了全环凹腔驻涡燃烧室试验件,并进行了性能试验研究.试验结果表明:该燃烧室的贫油点火边界余气系数为10.2,降低驻涡凹腔体内外压差有利于点火;与常规燃烧室相比,燃烧室的燃烧效率偏低,但燃烧效率随进口温度的升高逐步加大;燃烧室的总压恢复系数较小,进口温度对燃烧室的总压恢复系数影响不大;燃烧室出口温度场分布较好,出口温度分布系数(OTDF)随进口温度的升高而减小;随着进口温度的提高,火焰筒壁温会局部偏高,火焰筒的冷却设计需优化改进.      

Multi-resolution Analysis of Density Fluctuation of Coherent Structures About Supersonic Flow over VG

The density field around a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with a nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method. Based on the calibration, i.e., the density distribution of the supersonic flow around a wedge, the density field of a supersonic VG is measured. According to movement characteristics of coherent structure in VG’s flow fields and the basic concepts of wavelet, the density fluctuating signals and multi-resolution characteristics of density field images are studied. The multi-resolution characteristics of density fluctuation can be analyzed with wavelet transformation of NPLS images. The wavelet approximate coefficients of density fluctuating signals exhibit their characteristics at different scales, and the corresponding detail coefficients show the difference of diverse layer smooth approximation in some way. Based on 2D wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of density field images, the approximate and detail signals at different scales are studied, and the coherent structures at different scales are extracted and analyzed.     

基于涡格法的近程无人机气动优化与风洞实验验证

针对低雷诺数的近程无人机,利用涡格法(VLM)对无人机气动特性进行了加装翼尖小翼优化设计,并通过风洞实验进行了验证.首先给出了翼尖小翼的几何参数并分析其对全机气动特性的影响,其次利用涡格法对小翼进行气动建模和优选,针对无人机巡航状态给出了小翼优化结果,最后利用风洞实验对优化前后的无人机进行了吹风实验对比验证,实验结果表明,涡格法和风洞实验结果在线性段相符,涡格法能够较准确地描述和预测翼尖小翼特性,加装翼尖小翼后的无人机巡航状态升阻比提高12%,全机滚转阻尼加大,偏航阻尼变化很小.     

HyTRV流场特征与边界层稳定性特征分析

高超声速转捩研究飞行器（HyTRV）是为研究三维复杂外形的边界层转捩问题而设计的一款具备真实飞行器典型特征的升力体标模。为支撑更加全面系统的理论分析、数值模拟、风洞试验和飞行试验研究,采用高精度数值模拟方法、线性稳定性理论（LST）和e^N方法对HyTRV标模的典型流动特征和边界层失稳特征进行了分析。研究表明,HyTRV展现出多个相对独立的横流区域和多个流向涡结构;HyTRV的边界层存在横流失稳模态、第二模态、附着线失稳模态等常见模态。横流失稳模态出现在周向高低压区之间的横流区域,能够主导转捩发生;横流区域同时也存在第二模态,其N值普遍比横流失稳模态小;附着线失稳模态呈现出第二模态特性,且频率非常高。还研究了攻角和单位雷诺数的影响。结果表明,随着攻角增加,标模下表面中心线的流向涡结构逐渐消失,横流雷诺数逐渐减小;上表面流向涡结构逐渐从腰部移向顶端,并出现新的流向涡结构。增加攻角,所有失稳模态的N值总体上逐渐减小;增加单位雷诺数,N值显著增加。基于研究结果,针对流向涡失稳、横流失稳、第二模态和附着线失稳等给出了研究建议。     

高超声速飞行器表面横缝旋涡结构及气动热环境数值模拟

针对高超声速飞行器表面横缝内部流动,通过求解可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,自主研发了一套能够较好模拟缝隙流动特性的CFD软件,利用该软件对横缝进行了数值模拟。研究表明,对于缝隙内黏性起主导作用的低速流动,通常需要密度足够充分的网格才能获得较好的计算结果。收敛后的壁面热流与文献实验热流吻合较好;缝隙内部旋涡个数近似与缝隙深宽比成比例,与文献中的有关结论完全一致。缝隙壁面热流分布受旋涡结构影响,会出现波浪式变化。因此,合理捕捉旋涡结构对于缝隙壁面热流的数值模拟有着重要意义,本文CFD软件对高超声速飞行器表面横缝的计算结果具有较高可信度。     

Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.