Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多传感器信息融合技术在现代战机设计中的应用

基于综合航电系统设计中的关键技术———信息融合 ,介绍了信息融合的概念、目标跟踪的算法及传感器的管理 ,以此说明现代作战飞机应用信息融合技术可增强作战平台在恶劣战场环境下的生存能力     

预混气爆震管中爆燃到爆震转捩距离的研究

为了获得预混气爆震管中爆燃到爆管转捩（DDT）距离的变化规律，进行了一系列的单循环爆震试验，其中预混气为按化学恰当比配制的乙炔与氧气以及稀释剂氮气，变化的试验参数包括：预混气初始压力（0．02Mpa-0.1Mpa)，稀释剂的浓度（0％－70％）及三种扰流片的形状，试验测得了不同工况下爆震管内火焰传播速度，并由此确定了DDT距离及其变化规律，试验结果表明，预混气初始压力下降或稀释剂浓度增加时，DDT距离增大，而安装扰流器后DDT距离明显缩短。     

甲烷气体的冲击状态方程数值计算

为了研究甲烷气体的冲击状态方程，用一维无粘流体反应动力学方程组。分别以7组元17步反应和13组元加步反应模型计算了常温下压力为0．12MPa时受高速飞片撞击的甲烷气体的Hugoniot数据，给出了飞片速度为3km／s-9km／s范围内9种条件下的数值结果。在相同的初始条件下，当飞片速度较低(如3km／s)时两种反应模型给出相同的结果。通过较高飞片速度下的计算结果与实验结果比较，13组元40步反应模型给出的数值结果与实验结果基本一致。     

N4SID辨识方法在航空发动机中的应用

针对在现代航空发动机的自适应控制和故障监控领域建立系统动态模型的需要 ,本文研究了基于状态空间模型的数字子空间状态空间系统辨识 (N4SID)方法 ,并在某型双转子涡喷发动机非线性气动热力学模型的“小偏离”状态上进行了仿真实验 ,结论表明 :该方法可以较准确地辨识发动机“小偏离”状态时的系统模型     

分布式粗糙度对马赫数为4.5的平板边界层稳定性的影响

采用数值模拟求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的方法研究了小幅值分布式粗糙度对马赫数为4.5的平板边界层中扰动演化的影响.用泰勒展开线性化的办法将边界条件取在光滑平板壁面上,来模拟小幅值分布式粗糙度.研究了粗糙度及扰动的不同因素对边界层扰动演化的影响,其中包括粗糙度高度、波长、粗糙度区域的长度及扰动波频率等.研究结果表明:分布式粗糙度通过改变边界层基本流场影响扰动波的幅值演化,一定幅值的分布式粗糙度会使粗糙度区域前的不稳定区向低频移动,使粗糙度区域后的不稳定区向高频移动.从总体效果上看,对于通过粗糙度时,靠近中性曲线下支界相对低频的扰动,粗糙度会抑制其幅值的增长;对于靠近中性曲线上支界相对高频的扰动,粗糙度会促进其幅值的增长.      

双框架MSCMG框架伺服系统的动力学解耦及扰动补偿

双框架磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺(MSCMG)框架伺服系统是一个多变量、强耦合、非线性的复杂系统,针对耦合力矩对框架系统速率伺服性能的影响,以及框架系统动力学解耦之后存在残余耦合、卫星运动引起的牵连力矩和非线性摩擦的问题,提出了微分几何法与扩张状态观测器(ESO)相结合的高精度控制方法,在线性化解耦的基础上对残余耦合、牵连力矩及非线性摩擦进行观测补偿以提高框架伺服系统解耦及速率跟踪性能。仿真结果表明、由耦合力矩引起的内、外框架速率波动最大值分别从0.18(°)/s和0.12(°)/s减小到5×10^-3(°)/s和4×10^-3(°)/s,内、外框架正弦角速度跟踪误差分别从0.18(°)/s和0.19(°)/s减小到0.005(°)/s和0.004(°)/s。所提出的方法实现了框架伺服系统的动力学解耦以及非线性摩擦和牵连力矩的补偿,提高了框架系统的解耦性能和速率伺服精度。     

平衡空气模型的流动稳定性及转捩预测

研究高超声速平板边界层考虑真实气体效应的流动稳定性问题.采用7组元化学反应平衡模型,黏度和导热系数采用混合律,同时考虑组元浓度扩散引起的能量传递,在马赫数为10~20、壁面温度为500~3500K、飞行高度为20~30.5km等条件下,对平板边界层流动的稳定性进行了分析,给出了扰动演化相对增长的N值.计算结果表明:高马赫数飞行中不稳定扰动的第3模态将与第2模态合并,共同影响转捩;高温真实气体的流动稳定性特征,随着马赫数、壁面温度、飞行高度变化的基本趋势与完全气体的基本一致;与完全气体相比,真实气体的相对增长N值包络线较小,表明高温真实气体将抑制转捩发生.      

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波法的串联型电池系统 荷电状态估计研究

以锂离子电池为载体的电源系统为航天器稳定可靠运行提供了一种有效的方式.多个电池单体经串联可扩大电池系统容量,即串联型电池系统.为准确估计串联型锂离子电池系统的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC),针对扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)计算复杂、精度不高等问题,结合串联型电池系统空间状态方程,提出基于无迹卡尔曼滤波法(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)的串联型电池系统荷电状态估计算法.在恒流和脉冲两种工况下,通过对比分析UKF与EKF算法的仿真结果与实验数据的匹配情况,证明了提出算法的准确性和高鲁棒性.     

基于Gamma-Theta模型的固定转捩数值模拟研究

采用γ-~Reθt转捩模型,对NACA0012翼型的固定转捩进行数值模拟,计算了不同雷诺数下刚好激发转捩又不引起过大局部压力扰动和附加阻力的最低粗糙带高度,说明了γ-~Reθt模型模拟固定转捩的能力。通过计算低雷诺数下固定转捩来模拟高雷诺数下自然转捩,计算结果表明固定转捩可以较好地模拟自然转捩。这两种计算结果对风洞试验都有重要的指导意义。