Particle Acceleration Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering, that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate. However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <10⁶ years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation, for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion years.     

飞行加速度对固体发动机后封头绝热层烧蚀的影响

固体火箭发动机后封头绝热层的炭化烧蚀率与飞行加速度有关。概述了国内外在这方面的一些研究情况，着重讲述了固体火箭发动机后封头内绝热层烧蚀的实验研究。实验表明：不同材料的绝热层在加速度作用下烧蚀率明显不同。在加速度作用下，后封头内绝热层的炭化烧蚀率小于静止状态的炭化烧蚀率。     

试建立基于检测振动加速度信号的设备故障部位诊断模型

往复式压缩机、内燃机等复杂设备,一旦出现故障,诊断的首要任务是要判断它们的故障部位。以检测振动加速度信号取代传统的耳听手摸的经验方法是这类设备诊断的一个趋势。尝试着提出了基于检测振动加速度信号的设备故障部位诊断模型--单特征模型和多特征集成模型。通过在往复式压缩机和内燃机上的实例验证表明,提出的单特征模型和多特征集成模型具有一定的可行性,其中多特征集成模型比单特征模型更有效。     

微制造隔振试验平台定位系统的轨迹规划

为减小运动部件加减速过程中对整个平台的冲击,在进行运动轨迹规划时,采用了S形曲线对定位系统的运动轨迹进行了平滑处理,有效地降低了运动部件对系统的冲击,有利于系统的减振。     

某型飞机后减速板振动试验

某型飞机后减速板在部队使用中多次出现减速板梁断裂、蒙皮裂纹等故障 ,打孔加型材结构改进方案经实际飞行测试取得了满意效果。为给出打孔加型材结构改进方案的使用寿命 ,进行了 2种结构后减速板的地面振动对比试验。本文对后减速板地面振动对比试验方法进行简要介绍。     

噪声载荷作用下薄壁柱壳结构的随机振动响应的估算方法

给出了噪声载荷作用下薄壁柱壳结构随机振动加速度响应功率谱密度的计算公式和计算方法,并与实际测量获得的加速度响应功率谱密度进行了比较,计算的功率谱与实测的功率谱具有较好的一致性,说明这种估算噪声载荷作用下薄壁柱壳结构随机振动加速度响应功率谱密度的方法是合理可行的。用同样方法导出的Von Mises应力响应的功率谱密度及其均方值的计算公式,可直接用于疲劳强度分析。      

广义时变ARMA序列预测方法

提出一种广义时变ARMA序列预测方法,给出时变序列和广义时变序列的预测公式及其均方误差。该方法能够对均值、方差、自回归系数和滑动平均系数都随时间变化的广义时变序列(或信号)进行分析和预测,可广泛应用于气象、通信、自动控制、结构响应分析和故障诊断等领域。大量计算表明,本文方法与传统方法相比,具有更高的预测精度。      

电脉冲除冰系统的加速度试验研究

介绍了电脉冲除冰系统的加速度试验,并以峰值加速度为脉冲效果的评判标准,研究了该系统的脉冲性能参数如储能电容器的初始放电电压、电容器的电容量、脉冲线圈与试验蒙皮之间的间距、脉冲线圈的外径以及绕制线圈导线的厚度对脉冲效果的影响。结果表明,放电电压越大,电容量越大,脉冲线圈一试验蒙皮的间距越小,导线厚度越大均会使得峰值加速度...     

环形爆震室中火焰加速数值模拟及验证

对带不同数量孔板的环形爆震室进行数值模拟,并通过试验对数值计算进行验证,来研究火焰加速现象、爆燃向爆震转变过程和不同当量比下起爆距离.数值计算采用二维轴对称非定常Navier-Stokes方程来模拟流体动力学过程.研究发现用较低的点火能量对火焰混合区的可燃气点火产生低速火焰,低速火焰向环形爆震室射流并改变方向向出口传播,火焰在孔板的阻碍作用以及火焰诱导激波和反射波的加速作用下,由层流变为湍流,湍流火焰与其诱导激波相互加强,最终引爆未燃混气;还对爆震波在孔板区的传播过程进行了分析,对不同当量比下的火焰速度和起爆距离进行了模拟研究.      

时变转速下裂纹圆柱壳的参数振动稳定性分析

利用有限元方法建立周期时变转速影响下裂纹圆柱壳的有限元模型并且得到了系统的质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵.在对圆柱壳进行模态分析的基础上,利用Bolotin方法编制MATLAB程序进行周期时变转速影响下裂纹圆柱壳的参数振动稳定性分析,讨论裂纹长度C、模态阻尼比ξ、转速基值Ω₀、静载荷因子α和动载荷因子β对不稳定区域的影响规律.